Uncle Eli is shown reading "The Positronic Man" by Isaac Asimov and Robert Silverberg. It is about a robot with a positronic brain that is ultimately declared an official human being. This may be a reference to Aida who is passed off as fully human in front of Agent May.
The Turing Test referred to in this and earlier episodes is a challenge for artificial intelligence to pass as human when interacting with a human. It is named after Alan Turing, the WWII-era British cryptanalyst who created the machine that cracked Germany's message encryption and led directly to the end of the war.
JT James (aka. Hellfire), the explosive Inhuman drops references to the first-person shooter Overwatch (2016) with his lines, most notably fellow Australian explosives-obsessed Jamison Fawkes (aka. Junkrat). The lines include: "stop me if you've heard this one before", "this bomb's for you", "it's a perfect night for some mayhem" and "well that's a nice how-do-ya-do". Some of Jemma Simmons' lines also reference the same game's British character, Tracer.