Maimana is predominantly Uzbek and hence the language spoken there would be Uzbek, not Arabic.
At 03:08, Paul Haley (LeVar Burton) refers to Ruth 1:16 as "the words Naomi spoke when converting to the faith of her mother-in-law." In the Book of Ruth, Ruth was the one to speak those words. Naomi was the name of her mother-in-law.
The Joan of Arc hallucination compares what evidence Pierce has, saying, "that's more than the British had on me." Joan would know, even in translation, that it was the _English_ up against her in her time. The "British" would not become the term to use until 1707. However since she is a hallucination, it's a mistake on the part of Daniel, not the writers.