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- Jean-Antoine Watteau was born on 10 October 1684 in Valenciennes, Flanders, Kingdom of France [now Nord, France]. Jean-Antoine is known for Sister Wendy at the Norton Simon Museum (2002). Jean-Antoine died on 18 July 1721 in Nogent, Île-de-France, Kingdom of France [now Nogent-sur-Marne, Val-de-Marne, France].
- Music Department
- Composer
- Writer
Giuseppe Verdi was born Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi on October 10, 1813, in Le Roncole di Busseto, Parma, Italy. His parents were landowners and innkeepers. Young Verdi received his first organ lessons at the age of 7. He studied composition privately with Ferdinando Provesi in Busseto. At age 20 he moved to Milan to continue his studies, but the Conservatory of Music rejected him. Verdi took private lessons and associated with Milan's cultural milieu in his pursuit of a musical career. He was patronized by Antonio Barezzi, a merchant, whose daughter, Margherita, was Verdi's student and later became his wife.
His first opera, Oberto (1839), was a successful production by Milan's Theatro La Scala. While Verdi continued working on his second opera, his wife and two children died. The second opera failed, and he suffered a depression and vowed to quit musical career. La Scala impresario, Merelli, persuaded him to write a third opera. Nabucco (1842) made Verdi famous. He followed the Bel Canto style of Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini. Verdi's best operas were based on plays by Victor Hugo, such as 'Ernani' (1844) and 'Rigoletto' (1851). In 1853 Verdi 's masterpiece 'La Traviata' was produced in Venice. It was based on 'The Lady of the Camelias', a play by Alexandre Dumas, fils. At that time Verdi became familiar with the music of Russian composer Mikhail Glinka who was popularized in Europe by Franz Liszt. The music of Mikhail Glinka had certain influence on Verdi's later operas.
In 1861 Verdi wrote 'La forza del destino' commissioned by the Imperial Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia, upon the recommendations by Aleksandr Borodin. It was performed with great success in 1862, and became part of a standard operatic repertoire ever since. His grand-opera 'Aida' (1871) was premiered in Cairo as part of the celebrations of the opening of the Suez Canal, and became an instant success. In his later operas Verdi turned from the style of Bel Canto to more expressive music and orchestration, like in 'Otello' (1887), based on the eponymous play by Shakespeare. Verdi's last and musically most brilliant, rich and expressive opera, 'Falstaff' (1893), was based on the Shakespeare's play "The Merry Wives of Windsor" in the adaptation of Victor Hugo.
Verdi's musical success coincided with the political events of Italian unification during the Austrian occupation. The 'Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves' from his opera 'Nabucco' (1842), became a popular song among supporters of Italian unification. Many of his opera performances were used by the supporters of Victor Emmanuel to shout "Viva Verdi" as a code name for a secret unification message. The name Verdi was used as acronym for "Vittorio Emanuele Re D'Italia" - Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy. Such a code enabled clandestine partisans of Victor Emmanuel, then the King of Sardinia, to gain more supporters in Milan which eventually led to the unification of Italy. Verdi was aware that his popular operas and his name was used as a political tool. Austrian censorship was powerless.
In 1861 Victor Emmanuel became the King of Italy in Turin. From 1861-1865 Giuseppe Verdi was elected representative of Busseto in the newly formed Italian parliament. After Garibaldi's military campaign the capital was moved to Florence, then to Rome, and Verdi returned from politics to music. He lived in Milan during the last years of his life. He was revered and honoured all over the world, and was much visited by his admirers. He died on January 27, 1901, in Milan, and was laid to rest at the Casa di Riposo, a retirement home for elderly musicians that was established by Verdi himself.
Verdi's music was used in hundreds of film scores. His operas has been the staples of operatic repertoire. His canzonas "La donna è mobile" from opera 'Rigoletto' (1851) and "Libiamo ne'lieti calici" (Drinking song) from 'La Traviata' (1853) has been popular concert numbers in performances by the three tenors: Luciano Pavarotti, Plácido Domingo and José Carreras.- Stephanus Johannes Paulus Krüger, the president of the 19th century Transvaal Republic in what is now South Africa, was born on October 10, 1825 into a family of Prussian descent at Bulhoek in the Steynsburg district of what is now South Africa, at his grandfather's farm. Krüger, who was affectionately called "Oom Paul" (Afrikaans for "Uncle Paul") by his people, was fated to become a prominent leader of the Boer resistance that eventually was defeated by the might of the British military during the second Boer War. As a symbol of resistance to the British Empire, he was the subject of an autobiographical film released by Nazi Germany in 1941.
They young Paul Krüger grew up on the farm Vaalbank, where his formal education was extremely limited. His real education was had as a frontiersman on the veld, a lifestyle that seasoned him for the hard road of rebellion that lay in his future. What is now South Africa was founded as the Cape Colony by the Dutch East India Company in 1652, with the founding of Cape Town. The British occupied the Cape Colony in 1795 and assumed official control of it in 1806, when The Netherlands lost sovereignty during the Napoleonic Wars.
Cape Colony became the Cape Province. In 1836, Paul Krüger's father, Casper,became part of the "Great Trek" of Boers that had began two years earlier as they sought to flee British laws. The Boers, who spoke a dialect of Dutch known as "Afrikaans", were resistant to the British Empire's Anglicisation policies, as well as its laws on slavery (the UK had abolished slavery in the early 19th century). They also were disgusted by what they saw as the indifference of British authorities to the border wars they waged with indigenous peoples on the eastern frontier of the Province.
In the 1830s and 1840s, approximately 12,000 Boers moved eastward into the interior to settle in the future Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal Provinces to escape British authority. Krüger's father Casper later decided to settle in the district now known as Rustenburg. A veteran of the Great Trek, Paul had fought in three battles by the time he was 13. When he was 16 years old, Krüger choose a farm for himself at the foot of the Magaliesberg, where he settled in 1841. The following year he married Maria du Plessis, and the young couple accompanied his father to live in the Eastern Transvaal for a while. After the family had returned to Rustenburg, Krüger's wife and infant son died, likely from malaria (some sources say she died in childbirth). Krüger then married his dead wife's niece, Gezina du Plessis, who was his constant and devoted companion until her death in 1901. Altogether, Gezina Krüger gave birth to nine sons and seven daughters, though some perished in infancy as was common before antiseptic midwifery in the 20th Century.
In time, Paul Krüger emerged as a leader due to this prowess on the battlefield. Starting as a field cornet in the commandos, he eventually became Commandant-General of the South African Republic. He also distinguished himself as a diplomat and politician, being appointed member of a commission of the Volksraad, the republican parliament that drew up a constitution. In 1873, Krüger resigned as Commandant-General, retiring to his farm, Boekenhoutfontein. However, in 1874 he was elected to the Executive Council and shortly after that became Vice-President of the Transvaal. Following the annexation of the Transvaal by Britain in 1877, Krüger became the leader of the resistance movement. That same year, he visited the UK for the first time as leader of a deputation. In 1878, he was part of a second deputation.
The First Boer War (the "War of Independence" to Afrikaaners) started in 1880. Paul Krüger was elected President of the Transvaal on December 30, 1880. After defeating the British forces at the decisive battle at Majuba in 1881, Krüger was instrumental in negotiating the restoration of Transvaal's independence under official British overlordship (meaning the UK would provide for the Republic's defense and foreign policy). However, at the London conference of 1884, Kruger succeeded in regaining the independence of the Republic. Unfortunately for the Afrikaaners in the Transvaal, gold was discovered in the Witwatersrand and a destabilizing Gold Rush was on, bringing in large numbers of foreigners (called "Uitlanders" or "Ourlanders" in Afrikaans. The Gold Rush eventually set in motion the dynamics that led to the fall of the Republic as the British Imperialists (whose subjects made up most of the Uitlanders) began to covet the Transvaal anew. Denial of rights to the Uitlanders by the Republic gave the British Empire an excuse to act.
During the New Year's weekend of December 29, 1895 to January 2, 1896), Leander Starr Jameson, the British Administrator of Southern Rhodesia, launched a raid on the Republic of the Transvaal with his Rhodesian and Bechuanaland policemen. The raid was launched with the authority of the premier of the Capetown Province, Cecil Rhodes, and with the covert approval of Her Majesty Queen Victoria's government. Jameson intended his raid to trigger an uprising by British expatriate workers in the Republic, but it failed. Relations between Britain and The Transvaal Republic deteriorated further.
The United Kingdom became upset when rumors circulated after the failed raid that the German Kaiser had offered protection to the Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State, something which would have upset the balance of power in Africa and in Europe. In 1898, Om Krüger -- who had met with the Kaiser and his Chancellor Otto von Bismark during a European trip -- was elected President for the fourth (and last) time. The British responded by gathering troops on the borders of the Boer republics. Fearing imminent annexation, the Boers launched a preemptive strike against the nearby British colonies on the day after Krüger's 74th birthday, a strike which ignited the second Boer War.
The last session of the Transvaal legislature, the Volksraad, began on May 7, 1900, as a British Army commanded by Field Marshal Frederick Sleigh Roberts (Lord Roberts), bore down on Pretoria, the capital. President Krüger left Pretoria on the 29th of May and was able to remain in the country until October, when he left South Africa on the Dutch warship De Gelderland, which had been sent by Queen Wilhelmina of The Netherlands to evacuate him. As his wife Gezina was too ill to travel, she remained behind, dying in their homeland on July 20, 1901.
In exile, Krüger first lived in Marseille, France, then in The Netherlands, and then finally in Clarens, Switzerland, where he died on 14 July 1904. His body was returned to South African and on December 16, 1904, he was buried in the Church Street cemetery in Pretoria.
Krüger became the subject of one of 'Joseph Goebbels'' lavish propaganda films, 1941's "Ohm Kruger". The wily old rebel was played by Oscar winning German actor Emil Jannings, who as "Uncle Kruger", was looking back on his life and struggles against the British Empire, which Nazi Germany was then struggling against. (Ironically, Hitler himself was an admirer of the British Empire, in theory.) Jannings appearance in the film, which distorted many facts to make the British seem far more villainous than they had behaved during the real second Boer War, was used against him after the war, as proof of his pro-Nazi leanings. Jennigs had to undergo de-Nazification, and never made another feature film after 1945. - Writer
- Soundtrack
Aleksis Kivi was born on 10 October 1834 in Nurmijärvi, Finland. He was a writer, known for Nummisuutarit (1957), Seitsemän veljestä (1939) and Kihlaus (1922). He died on 31 December 1872 in Tuusula, Finland.- Robert Gould Shaw was born on 10 October 1837 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Robert Gould was a writer, known for Glory (1989). Robert Gould was married to Annie Haggerty. Robert Gould died on 18 July 1863 in Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
- Writer
- Actor
- Director
George Morgan was born on 10 October 1854 in Concord, Delaware, USA. He was a writer and actor, known for The Lurking Peril (1919), The Hurricane Express (1932) and The Pirate of Panama (1929). He died on 8 January 1936 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.- Herbert Kelcey was born on 10 October 1855 in London, England, UK. He was an actor, known for The Sphinx (1916) and After the Ball (1914). He was married to Effie Shannon. He died on 10 July 1917 in Bayport, Long Island, New York, USA.
- Fridtjof Nansen was born on 10 October 1861 in Store-Frøen, Norway. He was married to Sigrun Munthe and Eva Sars. He died on 13 May 1930 in Lysaker, Norway.
- Plácido Sequeiros was born on 10 October 1861 in Sinaloa, Mexico. He was an actor, known for Margarita se llama mi amor (1961), Y el cuerpo sigue aguantando (1960) and Armas contra la ley (1961). He died on 19 December 1946.
- Actress
Helen Dunbar was born on 10 October 1863 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. She was an actress, known for Siege (1925), Romeo and Juliet (1916) and The Squaw Man (1918). She died on 28 August 1933 in Los Angeles, California, USA.- Vladimir Obruchev was born on 10 October 1863 in Klepenino, Rzhev, Tver Oblast, Russian Empire. He was a writer, known for Zemlya Sannikova (1973). He was married to Eva Samoilovna Bobrovskaya and Elizabeth Isaakovna Lurie. He died on 19 June 1956 in Moscow, USSR.
- Martha Morton was born on 10 October 1865 in New York City, New York, USA. She was a writer, known for The Bachelor's Romance (1915) and Her Lord and Master (1921). She was married to Hermann Conheim. She died on 18 February 1925 in New York City, New York, USA.
- Mrs. Charles Craig was born on 10 October 1866 in Oregon, USA. She was an actress, known for The Heart Line (1921), Paint and Powder (1925) and Name the Man! (1924). She was married to Charles G. Craig (actor). She died on 21 July 1925 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Soundtrack
Paul Barnes was born on 10 October 1868 in Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania, USA. Paul died on 8 May 1922 in New York, New York, USA.- Actor
- Art Department
- Additional Crew
Shorty English was born on 10 October 1870. He was an actor. He died on 3 November 1952 in Napa, California, USA.- Actress
Eve Fairfax was born on 10 October 1871 in Tadcaster, Yorkshire, England, UK. She was an actress. She died on 27 May 1978 in York, North Yorkshire, England, UK.- Joe Humphries was born on 10 October 1872 in New York City, New York, USA. He was an actor, known for Oh, Baby! (1926), The Great White Way (1924) and The Referee (1922). He was married to Teresa V. Humphreys. He died on 10 July 1936 in Fair Haven, New Jersey, USA.
- Jindrich Edl was born on 10 October 1872 in Prague, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary [now Czech Republic]. He was an actor, known for Otrávené svetlo (1921), Páter Vojtech (1929) and Cikáni (1922). He died on 3 August 1946 in Prague, Czechoslovakia [now Czech Republic].
- Herzog Adolf Friedrich von Mecklenburg was born on 10 October 1873 in Schwerin, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, German Empire [now Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany]. He was married to Elisabeth of Stolberg-Rossla and Viktoria Feodora of Reuss-Schleiz. He died on 5 August 1969 in Eutin, Schleswig-Holstein, West Germany.
- George S. Trimble was born on 10 October 1874 in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He was an actor, known for Michael Strogoff (1914), A Damsel in Distress (1919) and Polly of the Circus (1917). He died on 21 February 1925 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Cinematographer
- Producer
John Bergqvist was born on 10 October 1874 in Ludgo, Södermanlands län, Sweden. He was a cinematographer and producer, known for En färd på Kinda kanal (1908) and Badlif vid Mölle (1911). He died on 27 January 1953 in Enskede, Stockholm, Stockholms län, Sweden.- Victor Benoit was born on 10 October 1876 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He was an actor, known for The Chain Invisible (1916), A Fool There Was (1915) and The Parasites (1914). He died on 16 January 1943 in Newburgh, New York, USA.
- Editor
- Writer
- Script and Continuity Department
Sam Winston was born on 10 October 1877 in Bastrop, Texas, USA. Sam was an editor and writer, known for The Blue Angel (1930), The Shanghai Gesture (1941) and The Third Eye (1929). Sam died on 6 April 1965 in Los Angeles, California, USA.- Actor
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Harry John Breen was an American vaudevillian actor, singer, writer and composer. He was often billed as the Rapid Fire Song Writer for his ability to compose, on the spot, humorous ditties about different members of his audience. Breen was called, even by himself, as the biggest "Nut" comedian on the vaudeville circuit.
Harry John Breen died on 11 February, 1929, at Georgia Baptist Hospital in Atlanta, two days after he had suffered a heart attack after appearing on stage.- Visual Effects
- Special Effects
Fitch Fulton was born on 10 October 1879. He is known for The Big Trail (1930) and Mighty Joe Young (1949). He died on 23 February 1955 in Los Angeles, California, USA.- Bruno Cicognani was born on 10 October 1879 in Florence, Tuscany, Italy. Bruno was a writer, known for La velia (1980). Bruno died on 16 November 1971 in Florence, Tuscany, Italy.
- Fred Withers was born on 10 October 1880 in the UK. He was an actor, known for Kathleen (1937), Lazybones (1935) and The Body Vanished (1939). He was married to Daisy Maynard. He died on 22 April 1941 in Thames Ditton, Surrey, England, UK.
- Jules Epailly was born on 10 October 1880 in Paris, France. He was an actor, known for Follow the Leader (1930), Sweet Surrender (1935) and Before Morning (1933). He died on 29 April 1967 in Central Islip, Long Island, New York, USA.
- Director
- Actor
Under the direction of Vittorio De Sica, Carlo Battisti left a remarkable mark in cinema history as the lead character in Umberto D. (1952), an Italian Neo-Realist classic about an elderly man who wanders through Rome with his dog Flike while trying to survive the Italy of post WWII. He was born on 10 October, 1882 in Trento - then an Austro-Hungary territory that later became part of Italy during the war years.
He wasn't an actor by trade, in fact, he was a Linguistic professor. At the age of 70, De Sica discovered Battisti and chose him for the lead role in Umberto D. (1952), who didn't want a professional actor for the role, wanting to give a more realistic approach to the story just like Rossellini did with his films in the late 1940's. Battisti received excellent reviews and praise from audiences who loved his heart-breaking performance and his memorable scenes with his loyal companion, the cute dog Flike.
After the movie, Battisti never appeared on another movie and returned to teaching until his retirement some years later. He died in 1977, aged 94.- Jack Mahoney was born on 10 October 1882 in Buffalo, New York, USA. He died on 26 December 1945 in New York City, New York, USA.
- Actor
- Make-Up Department
- Director
Charles Dudley was born on 10 October 1883 in Fort Grant, Arizona, USA. He was an actor and director, known for Rip Van Winkle (1924), Fighting Fate (1921) and The Unexpected (1914). He died on 9 March 1952 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, USA.- Reinhold Pasch was born on 10 October 1883 in Wolgast, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. He was an actor, known for Madame Spy (1934), Die Reise ins Jenseits (1917) and Ein Schrei in der Nacht (1915). He died on 2 August 1965 in Berlin, Germany.
- Actor
Berns De Reaux was born on 10 October 1883. He was an actor. He died on 12 January 1954.- Actress
- Writer
- Soundtrack
Ida Wüst was born on 10 October 1884 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. She was an actress and writer, known for Der Bettelstudent (1936), Once a Great Lady (1934) and Madame Lu, die Frau für diskrete Beratung (1929). She was married to Bruno Kastner. She died on 4 October 1958 in West Berlin, West Germany.- Harry LaPearl was born on 10 October 1884 in Danville, Illinois, USA. He was an actor, known for Polly of the Circus (1917), Still Waters (1915) and The Flying Twins (1915). He was married to Loretta ?. He died on 14 January 1946 in Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Ferdinand Bordewijk was born on 10 October 1884 in Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands. He was a writer, known for Character (1997) and Karakter (1971). He died on 28 April 1965 in The Hague, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands.
- Ernest M. Poate was born on 10 October 1884 in Yokohama, Japan. He was a writer, known for A Trade Secret (1915). He died on 1 February 1935 in Southern Pines, North Carolina, USA.
- Edward Blythin was born on 10 October 1884 in Wales, UK. He died on 14 February 1958 in Ohio, USA.
- Writer
- Script and Continuity Department
Coolidge Streeter was born on 10 October 1884 in Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA. He was a writer, known for The Man from Beyond (1922), Out of the Chorus (1921) and Ramshackle House (1924). He was married to Lola D Moore. He died on 30 November 1924 in New York, USA.- Director
- Actor
- Writer
Carlo Campogalliani was born on 10 October 1885 in Concordia sulla Secchia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. He was a director and actor, known for La grande luce - Montevergine (1939), Stadio (1934) and Il cavaliere di Kruja (1940). He was married to Letizia Quaranta. He died on 10 August 1974 in Rome, Lazio, Italy.- Adolf Manz was born on 10 October 1885 in Meilen, Switzerland. He was an actor, known for Die mißbrauchten Liebesbriefe (1940), Menschen, die vorüberziehen (1942) and Der letzte Postillon vom St. Gotthard (1941). He was married to Ellen Widmann. He died on 23 April 1949 in Zurich, Switzerland.
- Jean Alwyn was born on 10 October 1885 in Hawick, Scotland, UK. She was an actress, known for The Greatest Wish in the World (1918) and Winning a Widow (1910). She was married to Colonel Alfred Rawlinson. She died on 2 January 1964.
- Marcel Arnac was born on 10 October 1886 in Paris, France. He was a writer, known for Circonstances atténuantes (1939), Steppin' in Society (1945) and Heinz im Mond (1934). He died on 25 August 1931 in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine, France.
- Jack McLallen was born on 10 October 1886 in Trumansburg, New York, USA. He was an actor, known for Oh Sarah (1930). He died on 22 January 1961 in Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
- Actor
- Soundtrack
Zvonimir Rogoz was born on 10 October 1887 in Zagreb, Austria-Hungary [now Croatia]. He was an actor, known for Dnevnik Ocenaseka (1969), Son of Samson (1960) and It Was Not in Vain (1957). He died on 6 February 1988 in Zagreb, Croatia, Yugoslavia.- Evelyn Van Buren was born on 10 October 1887 in Detroit, Michigan, USA. Evelyn is known for Left in the Train (1914).
- Bill Killefer was born on 10 October 1887 in Bloomingdale, Michigan, USA. He died on 3 July 1960 in Elsmere, Delaware, USA.
- Michal Halicz was born on 10 October 1888 in Warsaw, Poland, Russian Empire [now Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland]. He was an actor, known for Niebezpieczny raj (1931), Dziesieciu z Pawiaka (1931) and American Adventure (1936). He died on 1 March 1969 in London, England, UK.
- Klaudie Ferbrova was born on 10 October 1888 in Tábor, Cechy, Austria-Hungary [now Czech Republic]. She was an actress, known for Nahá pastýrka (1966), Spring Waters (1968) and Kde reky mají slunce (1961). She died on 8 May 1972 in Prague, Czechoslovakia [now Czech Republic].
- W.M. Caldwell was born on 10 October 1888 in Illinois, USA. He was a writer, known for For Cash (1915), When the Spider Tore Loose (1915) and A Modern Enoch Arden (1915). He died on 26 February 1944 in Los Angeles, California, USA.