Giuseppe Garibaldi(1807-1882)
He grew up here and attended school. As a sailor, he joined Giuseppe Mazzini's "Giovine Italia" (Young Italy) in 1833, only to go into exile from February 1834 after the failure of the conspiratorial organization's first attempt at an uprising. Various jobs followed, which included him, among other things: In 1836 he reached Rio de Janeiro, where he founded a Brazilian section of "Young Italy" with other Italian emigrants. After his participation in the democratic and separatist uprising of the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul, he was forced to move to Montevideo in Uruguay in 1841. Here he fought as a fleet commander with other Italian emigrants on the side of the progressive-democratic forces of Uruguay against the anti-democratic direction supported by Argentina. In the spring of 1848, the revolutionary news from Italy ended the involvement of the "Italian Legion" in the civil war in Uruguay, where Garibaldi had at least become commander-in-chief of all armed forces.
Returning to Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi took part in the Piedmontese war against Austria in 1848/49 with his volunteer associations called the "Red Shirts". The tenacious, if ultimately unsuccessful, defense of the Roman Republic established his fame in the liberal-democratic movement of all Italian states. In September 1849, the suppression of the revolutions drove him into his second exile, which took him to Peru via Tunis, Tangier and New York. There he took command of a merchant ship in 1851, with which he sailed to China. In 1854 Garibaldi arrived in London, where he confronted Mazzini about his defection to the moderate wing of the Italian national movement around Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, which, in contrast to republican Mazzinism, promoted a monarchical solution to the national question under the leadership of the Piedmontese-Savoy ruling dynasty. Garibaldi's surprising conversion was clearly confirmed in 1856 when he joined the Piedmontese-oriented "Italian National Association" ("Società nazionale italiana").
After personal coordination with Cavour and the Savoyard monarch Victor Emmanuel II, Garibaldi successfully took part in the Piedmontese-French war against Austria in 1859 as commander of the Alpine hunters, which ended with the partial independence of the northern Italian territories. At the beginning of May 1860 he finally led the legendary "Procession of a Thousand" to Sicily, with which he freed the island and the entire southern Italian mainland from Bourbon rule by October and prepared their incorporation into the newly emerging Italian national state. The Garibaldins' intended further march against the Papal States was stopped by Cavour's intervention out of diplomatic consideration. On October 26, 1860, at a meeting with the king in Teano, just outside Naples, Giuseppe Garibaldi expressed his submission to the Piedmontese-Savoy leadership with a brief but famous "I obey" ("Obbedisco") to Victor Emmanuel II Expression.
After the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in March 1861, Garibaldi, now in open opposition to the moderate-liberal leadership elite of the new Italy, unsuccessfully fought for the liberation of the Papal States that remained under papal rule in 1862 and 1867. In 1866, as commander of the volunteer associations, he contributed victoriously to the Prussian-Italian war against Austria, which resulted in the integration of Veneto into the Italian national state. In 1870/71, Garibaldi escaped from the arrest imposed on him by the police on his "home island" of Caprera to defend the new French Republic against the Prussian invaders, over whom he won a victory at Dijon. In the last decade of his life, "the general" only took part in the domestic political discourse in Italy in a journalistic capacity.
Giuseppe Garibaldi died on June 2, 1882 in Caprera. With his death, not only Italian but also global myth-making began about the charismatic people's liberation fighter.
Returning to Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi took part in the Piedmontese war against Austria in 1848/49 with his volunteer associations called the "Red Shirts". The tenacious, if ultimately unsuccessful, defense of the Roman Republic established his fame in the liberal-democratic movement of all Italian states. In September 1849, the suppression of the revolutions drove him into his second exile, which took him to Peru via Tunis, Tangier and New York. There he took command of a merchant ship in 1851, with which he sailed to China. In 1854 Garibaldi arrived in London, where he confronted Mazzini about his defection to the moderate wing of the Italian national movement around Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, which, in contrast to republican Mazzinism, promoted a monarchical solution to the national question under the leadership of the Piedmontese-Savoy ruling dynasty. Garibaldi's surprising conversion was clearly confirmed in 1856 when he joined the Piedmontese-oriented "Italian National Association" ("Società nazionale italiana").
After personal coordination with Cavour and the Savoyard monarch Victor Emmanuel II, Garibaldi successfully took part in the Piedmontese-French war against Austria in 1859 as commander of the Alpine hunters, which ended with the partial independence of the northern Italian territories. At the beginning of May 1860 he finally led the legendary "Procession of a Thousand" to Sicily, with which he freed the island and the entire southern Italian mainland from Bourbon rule by October and prepared their incorporation into the newly emerging Italian national state. The Garibaldins' intended further march against the Papal States was stopped by Cavour's intervention out of diplomatic consideration. On October 26, 1860, at a meeting with the king in Teano, just outside Naples, Giuseppe Garibaldi expressed his submission to the Piedmontese-Savoy leadership with a brief but famous "I obey" ("Obbedisco") to Victor Emmanuel II Expression.
After the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in March 1861, Garibaldi, now in open opposition to the moderate-liberal leadership elite of the new Italy, unsuccessfully fought for the liberation of the Papal States that remained under papal rule in 1862 and 1867. In 1866, as commander of the volunteer associations, he contributed victoriously to the Prussian-Italian war against Austria, which resulted in the integration of Veneto into the Italian national state. In 1870/71, Garibaldi escaped from the arrest imposed on him by the police on his "home island" of Caprera to defend the new French Republic against the Prussian invaders, over whom he won a victory at Dijon. In the last decade of his life, "the general" only took part in the domestic political discourse in Italy in a journalistic capacity.
Giuseppe Garibaldi died on June 2, 1882 in Caprera. With his death, not only Italian but also global myth-making began about the charismatic people's liberation fighter.