Oscar Hammerstein II(1895-1960)

Oscar Hammerstein II was an American lyricist, librettist, theatrical producer, and musical theatre director from New York City. He won a total of 8 Tony Awards for his best known works, "South Pacific" (1949), "The King and I" (1951), and "The Sound of Music" (1959). He twice won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, for his songs "The Last Time I Saw Paris" (1940) and "It Might as Well Be Spring" (1945). Several of his songs became part of the standard repertoire for both singers and jazz musicians. During the 1940s and the 1950s, Hammerstein produced some of his best musicals in collaboration with the composer Richard Rodgers (1902-1979). They are credited with creating character-driven stories with dramatic moments, while American musicals were previously considered light-hearted entertainment.

In 1895, Hammerstein was born in New York City. His parents were the theatrical manager William Hammerstein (1875-1914) and his first wife Alice Nimmo (died in 1910). His father operated the Victoria Theatre in Times Square, considered for a while as the most successful theatre in New York City. Hammerstein's paternal ancestors were German Jews, while his maternal ancestors were British. Hammerstein's paternal grandfather was Oscar Hammerstein I (1846-1919), a theatrical impresario and composer who is credited with popularizing the opera genre in the United States.

In 1912, Hammerstein enrolled at Columbia University. He later studied at Columbia Law School. Following his father's death in 1914, Hammerstein participated in his first play: "On Your Way". It was performed in the Varsity Show (1894-), Columbia's regular arts presentation. During his university years, Hammerstein both wrote and performed for the Varsity Show.

In 1917, Hammerstein dropped out of law school to pursue a theatrical career. He found a mentor in the lyricist and librettist Otto Harbach (1873-1963). Harbach taught him that in musicals, the music, lyrics, and story should be closely connected. Hammerstein took this lesson to heart. Hammerstein wrote the book and the lyrics for the Broadway musical "Always You" (1920), the first musical of his career. In 1921, Hammerstein joined "The Lambs" (1874-), a New York City-based social club for theater professionals. It was named in honor of the English authors and salonists Charles Lamb (1775-1834) and Mary Lamb (1764-1847).

In 1927, Hammerstein had his first great success with the musical "Show Boat". It was an adaptation of a then-popular novel by Edna Ferber (1885-1968), and depicted life on a a Mississippi River show boat over a 40-years-period. It was considered revolutionary in musical storytelling in dealing with tragedy and serious issues, in a field previously dominated by light comedies and satirical operettas. The musical introduced the popular songs "Ol' Man River", "Make Believe", and "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man". Hammerstein had partnered with the composer Jerome Kern (1885-1945) for this musical. The duo continued to work together for decades.

In the early 1940s, Hammerstein was asked by Richard Rodgers to work with him in a musical adaptation of the play "Green Grow the Lilacs" (1930) by Lynn Riggs (1899-1954). Rodgers had previously attempted to work on the adaptation with Lorenz Hart (1895-1943), but they had a falling out over Hart's declining mental state and his self-admitted lack of inspiration. The adaptation turned into the hit musical "Oklahoma!" (1943), about a love triangle in Indian Territory. It ran for an unprecedented 2,212 performances, and has often been revived. The musical's success convinced Hammerstein and Rodgers that they should collaborate further in subsequent works.

Hammerstein and Rodgers became the dominant creative force of the American musical theatre from 1943 to 1959. Their subsequent collaborations were the musicals "Carousel" (1945), "Allegro" (1947), "South Pacific" (1949), "The King and I" (1951), "Me and Juliet" (1953), "Pipe Dream" (1955), "Flower Drum Song" (1958), and "The Sound of Music" (1959). Most of them were well-received, and they never had a single flop in all these years. The duo also worked together for the music of the film "State Fair" (1945), and for the music-themed television special "Cinderella" (1957). Their works often provided social criticism, and dealt with issues such as discrimination (in various forms) and domestic abuse.

In 1943, Hammerstein wrote the book and lyrics for the musical "Carmen Jones". It was an adaptation of the opera "Carmen" by Georges Bizet, but featured African-American characters and had an all-black cast. It was considered groundbreaking for its era. The musical eventually received its own film adaptation, serving as a vehicle for Dorothy Dandridge (1922-1965).

Hammerstein was an advocate for writers' rights within the theater industry. In 1956, he was elected as the new president of the Dramatists Guild of America, a professional organization whose main goal was to negotiate better contracts for playwrights. His term lasted until 1960, when he was replaced by Alan Jay Lerner (1918 - 1986).

In August 1960, Hammerstein died at his home, Highland Farm in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. It was a 19th-century farmhouse which had served as his residence since 1940. The cause of death was stomach cancer, and he had been struggling with the disease for a while. He was 65-years-old at the time of his death. To honor his passing, the lights of Times Square were turned off for one minute, and London's West End lights were dimmed. His remains were cremated and his ashes were buried at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. A memorial plaque for Hammerstein was placed at Southwark Cathedral in London.

Hammerstein was survived by his second wife Dorothy Hammerstein (1899-1987), a professional interior designer and decorator. They had been married since 1929. Hammerstein's son James Hammerstein (1931-1999) followed his father's footsteps as a theatre director and producer. Hammerstein's stepdaughter Susan Blanchard (1928-) worked as a lyricist and theatrical producer, though she is primarily known as a a socialite.