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The antagonist, Carnegie, seeks books. Andrew Carnegie, an industrial philanthropist in the early twentieth century, donated money to build libraries.
When Eli (Denzel Washington) first sits in the room in which Carnegie (Gary Oldman) imprisons him, a poster of the movie A Boy and His Dog (1975) is visible. A Boy and His Dog (1975) is recognized as one of the earliest post-apocalyptic movies, and a source of inspiration for many dystopian and post-apoctalyptic movies and video games.
Eli's speech before he fights Carnegie's men in the bar is taken from Genesis 3:17-19, where God expels Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden.