A Few Good Men (1992)
Trivia
The original play was inspired by an actual Code Red at Guantanamo Bay. Lance Corporal David Cox and nine other enlisted men tied up a fellow Marine and severely beat him for snitching to the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. Cox was acquitted and later honorably discharged. In 1994, David Cox mysteriously vanished, and his bullet-riddled body was found three months later. His murder remains unsolved.
Tom Cruise's Jack Nicholson impersonation (when his character is quoting Colonel Jessep) was not scripted. Demi Moore's and Kevin Pollak's reactions are genuine.
Writer Aaron Sorkin got the story idea from his sister, who in real life experienced a very similar incident at Guantanamo from the "Lieutenant Commander Galloway" perspective as a female JAG attorney. In that incident, the victim was similarly assaulted by nine Marines and was badly injured, but did not die. Sorkin initially turned the idea into a play, and then this screenplay, which was his first.
An unnamed executive gave Aaron Sorkin a note: "If Tom Cruise and Demi Moore aren't going to sleep with each other, why is Demi Moore a woman?" He responded, "I said the obvious answer: Women have purposes other than to sleep with Tom Cruise." He claimed the incident was his worst experience as a screenwriter.
Jack Nicholson was paid $5 million for ten days' work. Technically, he worked an extra morning for free when Rob Reiner and crew didn't get all of his footage shot in time. Nicholson later admitted that it was one of the few times the money was well spent.
The Defense Department refused to endorse the film. This meant that the filmmakers couldn't utilize any military installations during filming. Most of it was shot on a Culver City soundstage.
While filming the scene in which Kendrick is driving Kaffee's group around the base in a Humvee through two rows of marching Marines, Kiefer Sutherland had trouble driving the extra wide vehicle, and actually hit Marines on multiple takes.
Aaron Sorkin said he enjoyed working for Rob Reiner, even though the director ordered him to make countless, rigorous revisions of his screenplay. One major revision: unlike in the play, where a doctored logbook is the smoking gun that gives Lt. Daniel Kaffee the break he needs, Reiner insisted that Tom Cruise's Lt. Daniel Kaffee win the case on courtroom skills alone.
Jason Alexander was supposed to play Sam Weinberg, but when Seinfeld (1989) was unexpectedly renewed, he was no longer available.
Wolfgang Bodison was working for Rob Reiner on the film as a location scout when Reiner decided he was perfect for the part of Lance Corporal Harold Dawson. Reiner said he looked like a Marine.
Jack Nicholson told Rob Reiner he noticed that when he walked into the first rehearsal, the rest of the cast rushed to their seats. "Afterward I told him, 'Rob, it was so strange, I felt like the fucking Lincoln Memorial,'" Nicholson told the Los Angeles Times. "I blushed actually."
Kevin Pollak called this the greatest experience he's ever had working on a film.
Tri-Star Pictures produced the film with Aaron Sorkin writing the screenplay adaptation of his play. Tri-Star executives instructed Sorkin to make several changes to the story including a sex scene between Kaffe and Galloway. As this was Sorkin's first screenplay he did write it in although he had strong reservations about doing so since this does not occur in his play version. In Sorkin's words: "Nobody at Tri-Star was talking about a romance, by the way, we were just talking about these two people going to bed". When Rob Reiner came aboard to direct he used his clout against the studio and told the young Aaron Sorkin to toss the screenplay and start over. Reiner, who had seen the play and loved it, felt adding in a sexual encounter added nothing to the story and was just a cheap Hollywood thrill tactic.
According to Rob Reiner, Tom Cruise would always stay after rehearsals to work on perfecting his role.
Rob Reiner praised J.T. Walsh (Markinson) as a natural and understated actor. Reiner's goal is to have the whole cast be "as good as J.T. Walsh."
Kevin Pollak said of Jack Nicholson, "He is the party. No one had more fun."
Kevin Bacon praised Kiefer Sutherland for embracing the darkness of his character. Sutherland praised Tom Cruise for inspiring him with his acting.
The title for the play and film came from a long-running recruiting campaign for the U.S. Marine Corps, "We're looking for a few good men." The campaign was slowly phased out through the 1980s with the well-known "The Few. The Proud. The Marines."
The original play, "A Few Good Men" by Aaron Sorkin, opened at the Music Box Theater on November 15, 1989, and ran for 497 performances.
Colonel Jessep warns Lieutenant Kendrick that Santiago needs to score "4646" on his next Proficiency and Conduct report. Jessep is referring to a system by which the performance of enlisted men is rated on a scale from 0.0 to 5.0; a score of 4.6 corresponds to a rating of "Excellent".
When searching for an appropriate setting for the trial, the producers learned that regular military courtrooms are plain and featureless offices. In order to create a more photogenic setting, they settled on a vacant courtroom in an empty courthouse.
Demi Moore reportedly agreed to negotiate her $3 million asking price down to $2 million because she was competing with Jodie Foster and Linda Hamilton for the role, and also because she badly needed another hit after the triple box-office failure of The Butcher's Wife (1991), Mortal Thoughts (1991) and Nothing But Trouble (1991).
One of the ribbons on Colonel Jessep's dress uniform jacket is the Navy Cross. This is the second highest award for wartime valor given to Navy and Marine personnel, behind only the Medal of Honor in order of precedence.
A recent college graduate, Aaron Sorkin was working as a bartender at NY Broadway shows, and wrote the entire play on cocktail napkins during Act 1 of "La Cage Aux Folles."
According to Sorkin, "...you work during the walk-in, and you work during intermission. But you're not doing anything during the first act, and there's an unlimited supply of cocktail napkins."
According to Sorkin, "...you work during the walk-in, and you work during intermission. But you're not doing anything during the first act, and there's an unlimited supply of cocktail napkins."
Tom Cruise was attracted to this challenging role because of the "tremendous writing". He travelled to New York City to catch the Broadway play before signing on.
Kevin Pollak's mother is in the crowd watching the trial. According to Pollak, she hit on Jack Nicholson.
That same year Jack Nicholson and J.T. Walsh appeared in Hoffa (1992) and became very good friends. When Nicholson won his third Oscar, he dedicated it to the memory of Walsh, who passed away months before the award.
Gene Hackman turned down the role of Col. Nathan R. Jessep because he was busy playing Sheriff Little Bill Daggett in Clint Eastwood's masterpiece Unforgiven (1992). However, Hackman won the Oscar that competed with Jack Nicholson for Best Supporting Actor at The 65th Annual Academy Awards (1993).
The Aaron Sorkin trademark of showing two characters walking down a hallway toward a moving camera talking sidelong to one another (as seen in The American President (1995), Sports Night (1998), and The West Wing (1999)) originated on this movie. A scene between Kaffee and Ross was written as being set in an office, but Rob Reiner, in an effort to create more action on-screen, suggested that it be changed so that they were walking down a hallway.
Director of photography Robert Richardson insisted that they use anamorphic lenses in the film, with the courtroom scenes in mind. Richardson wanted to be able to pull focus from one protagonist to another in those scenes. Rob Reiner was initially unsure about using this technique, but Richardson showed him that it could be very effective.
The Marine Corps drill team was portrayed by Texas A&M University's Corps of Cadets Fish Drill Team.
(June 2008) Ranked #5 on the American Film Institute's list of the 10 greatest films in the genre "Courtroom Drama".
Both Marines were found guilty of "Conduct unbecoming a United States Marine" and were ordered by Judge Randolph to be dishonorably discharged. However, no such crime exists for enlisted personnel. Article 133 of the UCMJ makes "Conduct unbecoming an officer" a crime. But the two accused Marines were enlisted, rather than officers, and couldn't have been convicted under Article 133. Rather, an enlisted person could be separated under the general provision "For the good of the service." Aaron Sorkin has long acknowledged the error but did not feel it necessary to correct.
Two "Misery" novels can be seen beside Danny's typewriter while he watches a ball game. Misery (1990) was also directed by Rob Reiner and a typewriter plays an integral role in the plot of that film.
Sections of this film are used by the Air Force Judge Advocate training school at Maxwell AFB, Alabama, as training tools. In particular, the citing of Article 39A of the Uniform Code of Military Justice ("the witness has rights"), excusing the members (a.k.a. the jury) from viewing technical or procedural matters, and various other aspects of court-martial procedures. Particularly, the unrealistic nature of the court-martial itself, is often lampooned by instructors.
Aunt Ginny is played by Rob Reiner's sister-in-law, Maud Winchester.
First film role for Wolfgang Bodison, who portrayed Lance Corporal Harold W. Dawson.
At the opening of the outdoor lunch scene in Cuba, Colonel Jessup is discussing the first Gulf War with an amusing anecdote about Iraqi soldiers surrendering to a camera crew from CNN. This is actually based on real events from the conflict as hundreds of hungry, demoralized Iraqi conscripts surrendered themselves to the first westerners they could find. There are many documented cases of Iraqis who did in fact surrender to journalists who were following the advancing coalition ground forces.
Lieutenant Kaffee is based on David Iglesias, a real-life Naval Reservist and Judge Advocate General, who later gained fame as one of the U.S. Attorneys (in his case, for New Mexico) fired by the George W. Bush administration shortly after the 2006 mid-term elections. Galloway is based on Deborah Sorkin, who worked with Iglesias on several cases, including the hazing case that inspired this play and film. She is also the sister of the author, Aaron Sorkin, and gave him the information he needed to dramatize the case.
Christopher Guest (Dr. Stone) made his third appearance in a film directed by Rob Reiner. The other two are This is Spinal Tap (1984) and The Princess Bride (1987).
When Rob Reiner realised one scene required another take, he apologised to Jack Nicholson, who reportedly said "Raab, you don't understand. I love acting. We'll do this as many times as you want."
Tom Cruise saw the Broadway play before signing on to the film. He also insisted on learning all of the "legalese" dialogue in the script.
Demi Moore's first movie since the birth of her second daughter. She had to bow out of A League of Their Own (1992) because her pregnancy was too advanced when that film was being shot.
Jodie Foster, Linda Hamilton, and Michelle Pfeiffer were considered for the role of Joanne Galloway.
Rob Reiner said that he related to Kaffee because of his own famous father Carl Reiner.
The single military ribbon worn by Lieutenant (jg) Daniel Kaffee is the National Defense Service Medal, which is awarded to any member of the United States military who served honorably during a designated time period of which a "national emergency" had been declared. The movie takes place during the time period August 2, 1990 to November 30, 1995 for service during the Gulf War.
While Aaron Sorkin's screenplay remains mostly true to the dialogue in his original stage version, there are many variations between the two. For example the line "I like all you navy boys, any time we have to go somewhere to fight, you boys always give us a ride." is delivered by Lt. Kendrick in the film. In the play it is delivered by Corporal Barnes on the flight line. The concluding dialogue when Dawson says "We were supposed to fight for people who couldn't fight for themselves, we were supposed to fight for Willy." is actually a variant of a line delivered by Lt. Weinberg to Dawson. Weinberg, after the trial, presses Dawson to answer who he was supposed to fight for. Writer and "screenplay doctor" William Goldman made several uncredited revisions to the screenplay which Sorkin liked so much he changed the stage play to incorporate them.
The film cast includes three Oscar winners: Jack Nicholson, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Aaron Sorkin; and one Oscar nominee: Tom Cruise.
Michelle Pfeiffer was the first choice for Lieutenant Commander Galloway, but the studio wanted a tougher actress.
To get to the truth of his character, James Marshall played Downey with "youthful ignorance." Rob Reiner said of Marshall: "He has a James Dean naturalism to his work."
The line: "You want me on that wall! You need me on that wall!" was originally written in the script as "...you want me on that wall. You need me there..." but was changed by either Jack Nicholson or Rob Reiner during production.
The role of Lieutenant Dan Kaffee was originally played on Broadway by Tom Hulce. He was later replaced by Timothy Busfield. The role of Colonel Nathan Jessep was played by Stephen Lang, and also by Michael O'Hare and Ron Perlman. The only actor from the Broadway cast to reprise his role in the film was Joshua Malina, a close friend of Aaron Sorkin's, who plays Jack Nicholson's assistant in one scene.
Daniel Kaffee (Tom Cruise) is a Lieutenant Junior Grade. This is one rank below the previous Navy officer whom he portrayed in Top Gun (1986), Lieutenant Pete "Maverick" Mitchell. Also, in this film, Joanne Galloway (Demi Moore) is a Lieutenant Commander. This is one rank higher than the next Navy officer whom she portrayed, Lieutenant Jordan O'Neill, in G.I. Jane (1997).
After seeing the stage play, Richard Dreyfuss wanted to play Colonel Jessep.
The car that Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee drives is a very low production version of a 1963 Chevrolet Impala four-door sedan, with a four hundred nine cubic inch, three hundred forty horsepower engine.
Kaffee states that he is afraid of flying. In reality, Tom Cruise is a well-known avid pilot. His interest in flying dates back to a 1984 flight he took with the U.S. Navy Blue Angels aerial demonstration team in order to gin up his interest in filming Top Gun. Tom now owns several planes, including a WWII-vintage P-51 Mustang fighter plane.
The planes shown on the tarmac at Guantanamo Bay are F-14 Tomcats. The last squadron at Gitmo was VC-10, which actually flew A-4 Skyhawks. This squadron disbanded in 1993. The scene was filmed at NAS Pt.Mugu. (you can tell by the mountains in the background behind the hangar. The same hangar is used as "Mitchell Field" in the film Pearl Harbor (2001)) Also the Island representing Cuba is actually OLF San Nicholas Island. Used by the Navy, OLF SNI is an outlying landing field also used as a radar station eighty miles due west of Oceanside, California, and is the smallest of what's known as "The Channel Islands" off the coast of southern California.
The cast and crew featured veterans of several Stephen King adaptations. Jack Nicholson appeared in The Shining (1980). Kiefer Sutherland appeared in Stand by Me (1986). Rob Reiner directed Stand by Me (1986) and Misery (1990), and had offered Nicholson the lead role in the latter film. The late J.T. Walsh appeared in Needful Things (1993), and had a small, uncredited cameo in Misery (1990).
Corporal Barnes, played by Noah Wyle, outranks Lance Corporal Dawson, yet says he would not administer a "Code Red" because Dawson would not allow it. However, he may have only recently been promoted to Corporal, and Dawson could have outranked him previously. The film makes a point of noting that Lance Corporal Dawson's promotion to Corporal was delayed. It is also just as likely that Corporal Barnes's testimony is meant to convey his respect (or fear) of Lance Corporal Dawson, in spite of his rank.
John M. Jackson, who portrayed Captain West, was later cast as Admiral Albert Jethro Chegwidden in the television show JAG (1995), which was described by co-creator/producer Donald Bellisario in his pitch as a potential television series to executives at NBC as a cross between Top Gun (1985) and A Few Good Men (1992).
With the exception of a scene where Captain Ross' captains bars are worn correctly and Lieutenant Colonel Markinson's silver oak leaves in another scene, the insignia signifying the rank of the officers are not placed on their collars correctly.
A couple of the plot devices were suggested by the Broadway play The Caine Mutiny Court Martial, such as someone being in "grave danger". In addition when Kaffee is willing to stipulate that all of the marines will testify the same way if it is agreed that none of them were in the room five minutes later is lifted directly from the Broadway play when Barney Greenwald suggests the same sort of stipulation in order to prevent all of the sailors from testifying.
After Galloway tells Kaffee and Weinberg she has the medical reports and Chinese food, she suggests they eat first. After a beat, Weinberg asks, "You got any Kung Pao chicken?" Rob Reiner thought it should have gotten a laugh. He claimed it never did.
When Kaffee first meets Galloway, he almost leaves before she has officially dismissed him, to which he says, "I always forget that part." As he's interrogating Jessep in the courtroom, Jessep tries to leave, but Kaffee reminds him that he hasn't been dismissed yet, showing that Kaffee learned his lesson.
Jessup twice says oh six hundred on the stand to mean 6 am. In reality, a Marine would say zero six hundred.
One of the baseball games that Kaffee had on the television at his place was between the Minnesota Twins and the Baltimore Orioles. The game took place on June 17, 1991.
Commander Stone, a physician is asked to speculate on the cause of Santiago's death. No speculation would be necessary. The pathologist who performed the autopsy would give testimony as to the exact cause of death. This would have played a key role during this or any trial of this nature.
Rob Reiner's rules for a great courtroom drama: 1. A compelling court case. 2. Equally gripping protagonists and antagonists. 3. Great actors.
Jessup's rank of full-colonel in the marines is equal to Galloway's Captain West in the Navy. And Galloway's rank of lieutenant-commander in the navy is equal to a marine/army major.
When Lieutenant Commander Galloway is called into Captain West's office, there is a coffee cup on his desk. It is a cup from the U.S.S. Jouett CG-29. The ship has since been decommissioned and sunk as a target near the Philippines.
Tom Cruise and Cuba Gooding, Jr. appeared in Jerry Maguire (1996).
Jason Laymon, a member of Texas A&M's Fish Drill Team, gave live performances of his rifle techniques to audiences at the premier showing in Bryan, Texas (near A&M).
One of several movies where Kevin Bacon has played a character who has been first named "Jack". In Frost/Nixon (2008) (Jack Brennan), in My Dog Skip (2000) (Jack Morris), in Apollo 13 (1995) (Jack Swigert), in this movie (Jack Ross), in Quicksilver (1986) (Jack Casey), and in Friday the 13th (1980) (Jack).
Was originally scheduled for a late summer or early fall release in 1992 but distributor Columbia Pictures, insisted it be released during the Christmas season to get Oscar consideration. Jack Nicholson admitted he was upset with Columbia's decision because they released the film exactly two weeks before his last film of 1992, Hoffa (1992) and he felt Hoffa which was more of a personal project to him being directed by and co-starring his close friend Danny De Vito flopped because of A Few Good Men's huge success at the box office. A Few Good Men went on to be nominated for several Oscars including Best Supporting Actor for Nicholson and Hoffa ended up receiving Golden Raspberry Award Nominations.
The only Best Picture Oscar nominee that year not to be nominated in either of the lead acting categories.
Lieutenant Kaffee is watching a baseball game at his home after returning from Cuba. The sports announcer that can be heard on the television is that of legendary San Diego Padres radio announcer Jerry Coleman, himself a former Marine officer and aviator who served in World War II and Korea. The ballgame shown was played on May 23, 1991 in Atlanta. The home run shown, hit by David Justice off Padre pitcher Steve Rosenberg, tied the game in the bottom of the tenth inning. The Padres won the game 11-10 in twelve innings (info from Baseball-Reference).
While he has directed films that have huge cult followings and are now regarded as classics, this remains the only film directed by Rob Reiner to date to gross over $100 million at the box office. The only other films which came close were When Harry Met Sally.... (1989) which grossed $96 million domestically and The Bucket List (2007) which grossed $97 million domestically.
In the courtroom scenes, the branch insignia for the United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps is shown on the podium that the lawyers speak from.
Lieutenant Daniel Kaffee owns an NES console that can be seen on top of his television in a couple of scenes.
The announcer of the Braves-Padres game is the late Jerry Coleman. Before his playing career with the Yankees, he saw action as a USMC pilot in both WW 2 and Korea. While other baseball players served in two wars, like Ted Williams, Coleman was the only player to engage in combat in two conflicts. In WW2 Williams served as a flight instructor stateside. A statue honors the long-time Padre announcer for his service in that capacity and his service to our country at Petco Park in San Diego.
During lunch at Gitmo, the moment Jessep confesses out loud to Jo "off the record" that he considers Code Red to be an invaluable part of Infantry training, regardless of official policies, he sets himself up for his ultimate fall.
The shot of the UC-12 airplane landing at "Guantanamo" with Kaffee, Galloway, and Weinberg is actually landing at NOLF San Nicholas Island a US Navy airfield in the Channel Islands off Southern California.
The role of Daniel Kaffee was originally played on stage by Tom Hulce. Kevin Bacon and Tom Hulce appeared together in National Lampoon's Animal House, along with Donald Sutherland--Keifer Sutherland's father.
Brandon Lee was offered an unspecified role. Unfortunately, citing exhaustion/scheduling conflicts with Showdown in Little Tokyo (1991) & Rapid Fire (1992) in '91 where A Few Good Men (1992) was also filmed the same year, he had to turn it down.
The planes shown on the tarmac at Guantanamo Bay are F-14s. The hangar used, was also used in Pearl Harbor (2001), as"Mitchell Field". In Top Gun (1986), Tom Cruise's character's last name was Mitchell, and he flew an F-14.
This is Demi Moore's first time playing a role in the military.
The name of the character portrayed by J.A. Preston is Judge Julius Alexander Randolph. This might have been interpreted as a reference to the first two initials of the actor matching the first two initials for the character, but that would be incorrect. The character name of Judge Julius Alexander Randolph was the same in the Broadway play, which preceeded the production of the movie of the same name, and on Broadway, the actor portraying Judge Julius Alexander Randolph was Paul Butler, making the matching of the first two initials an interesting coincidence.
Tom Cruise, Demi Moore, J.T. Walsh and Kevin Bacon have worked with director Barry Levinson. Cruise in Rain Man (1988); Moore in Disclosure (1994); Walsh in Tin Men (1987) and Good Morning, Vietnam (1987) and Bacon in Diner (1982) and Sleepers (1996).
Jack Nicholson and Tom Cruise have worked with director Stanley Kubrick. Nicholson in The Shining (1980), and Cruise in Eyes Wide Shut (1999).
Tom Cruise and Demi Moore were born in 1962. In the film the Kaffee character was described as being born in 1964.
The television set in Kafee's apartment winds up in three different places during the film: to the left of the front door, to the right, and opposite the door.
The baseball game that Lieutenant Kaffee is watching when Lieutenant Commander Galloway comes to inform him that Lieutenant Colonel Markinson has gone U.A. is between the San Diego Padres and the Atlanta Braves. In the scene, David Justice hits a three-run home run on a full count to tie the game.
Demi Moore and Tom Cruise went on to co-star in different films with Robert Redford. Moore in Indecent Proposal (1993) and Cruise in Lions for Lambs (2007). Redford also directed the latter.
James Marshall appeared in two other films the same year with two other actors in the film: Cuba Gooding, Jr. in Gladiator (1992) and Kiefer Sutherland in Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992).
In this film, Tom Cruise's character is a Boston Red Sox fan and in the (2005) film "War of the Worlds", his character is a New York Yankees fan, where he gives his son a hard time for being a Boston Red Sox fan.
Kevin Bacon and Demi Moore have both worked with Donald Sutherland. Bacon appeared with him in Animal House and JFK, while Moore appeared with him in Disclosure. She later worked with both Sutherlands in Forsaken.
Xander Berkeley and J.A. Preston later appeared in Air Force One (1997). They don't share scenes on both movies.
The most critically and financially successful film Jack Nicholson starred in 1992. His first film that year Man Trouble (1992) received poor reviews and flopped badly at the box office. This film was a huge hit with over $141 grossed at the domestic box office. His last film in 1992, Hoffa (1992) received mixed reviews and also flopped.
Cameo
Aaron Sorkin: He appears as a lawyer in a bar talking to a woman about one of his cases.
Charles Erwin: The marching band in the beginning is The Capital Band, and has a brief mention in the closing credits. The man in black is former Assistant Conductor and solo cornet for the President's Marine band.
Spoilers
Jack Nicholson repeated his famous courtroom monologue as Colonel Jessep off-camera several times so Rob Reiner could film the reactions of other actors and actresses from various angles. Nicholson's memorable on-camera performance was filmed last, but according to Reiner and the other cast members, Nicholson gave it his all every take as if he was on camera. Nicholson said he was "quite spent" by the time he finished.
The movie's line "You can't handle the truth!" was voted as the #92 movie quote by the American Film Institute (out of 100).
Jack Nicholson only appeared in four scenes in the entire film. The last of these is his famous "You can't handle the truth" courtroom meltdown, which lasts for twenty-one minutes.
In Aaron Sorkin's June 1991 draft, the film does not end with the iconic shot of Tom Cruise admiring the courtroom one last time. Instead, it ends with Daniel Kaffee asking Jo Galloway out on a date, and she instructs him to wear matching socks, exactly what she told him to do before the first day of the trial.
In the final court scene, the two MP's that took Jack Nicholson's character into custody were actual marines at the time of filming.
The movie's line "You can't handle the truth!" was voted as the #92 of "The 100 Greatest Movie Lines" by Premiere in 2007.
There are a number of parallels to The Caine Mutiny (1954). While the nature of the wrongdoing differed greatly, both stories involved unjust disciplinary actions on the part of the antagonist. Also, the point was made that while the young officer involved was enjoying college life, the antagonist in the story had been bravely protecting his right to do so. Also, the antagonist is led into a trap by the attorney during which his outburst reveals the true nature of things. Also, the individuals accused were shown to have done the right thing in part while actually doing the wrong thing. In addition, a key character provided key information but chickened out in the end. And, in both stories, the bright young protagonist develops a far greater understanding of his job and purpose, and goes on to greater things.
