The yelp that Kaley Cuoco blurts out when Mayim Bialik hits her with a pillow was genuine, as she wasn't expecting to actually be hit with it.
Because of her broken leg Kaley Cuoco is shown working as The Cheesecake Factory's bartender again, instead of her normal job as a waitress. Also, a body double is used when Penny storms off near the end of the show.
The so-called "submarine controversy" from Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) refers to the scene where Indiana Jones grabs hold to the outside of a Nazi submarine and rides it all the way to their hidden island base. The "controversy" is how Indy knew the sub wouldn't submerge and likely cause him to drown. In novelizations and comic adaptations of the film, the submarine does submerge, but Indy lashes himself to the periscope, which remains above water.
While watching "Indiana Jones" Penny comments on the hat which Sheldon attributes to the creative genius of the costumer on the film. In reality Harrison Ford was unhappy with every incarnation of the hats made specifically for him and eventually took it upon himself to purchase an "off the rack" hat from James Lock & Co in St James' Street, London which was fitted for him by shop staff. His conformitor template is still in the store records although it is no longer on display.
First episode in which Mayim Bialik and Melissa Rauch's names are shown in the beginning of the episode with the rest of the main cast.