Locke tells Richard that he will be born on May 30, 1956 and to stop by the hospital when it happens. In Further Instructions (2006), Lock's gun documents indicate that he was born on November 15, 1944.
Claymore mines explode and spray ball bearings at high velocity. They don't throw people through the air, any more than a shotgun blast would throw someone through a window.
When Desmond is looking for Daniel's mother, a receptionist tells him that there is "no record of any Faraday ever having been employed at Oxford". It's not clear how far back they keep their records, but a person called Michael Faraday, one of the most famous British scientists, delivered lectures in Oxford University back in 1840s. However, Michael Faraday was never employed at the university and she is therefore correct.
When Faraday is examining the atom bomb, just after the girl asks him what he's doing, someone - presumably a crew member - pulls back a rope on the left side and near the top of the bomb.