IMDb > "H2O: Just Add Water" (2006) > Full cast and crew
Quicklinks
Top Links
trailers and videosfull cast and crewtriviaofficial sitesmemorable quotes
Overview
main detailscombined detailsfull cast and crewcompany creditsepisode listepisodes castepisode ratings... by rating... by votes
Awards & Reviews
user reviewsexternal reviewsawardsuser ratingsmessage board
Plot & Quotes
plot summaryplot keywordsmemorable quotes
Did You Know?
triviagoofssoundtrack listingcrazy creditsalternate versionsmovie connectionsFAQ
Other Info
box office/businessrelease datesfilming locationstechnical specsliterature listingsNewsDesk
Promotional
taglines trailers and videos posters photo gallery
External Links
showtimesofficial sitesmiscellaneousphotographssound clipsvideo clips

Full cast and crew for
"H2O: Just Add Water" (2006) More at IMDbPro »

IMDbPro.com offers representation listings for over 80,000 individuals, including actors, directors, and producers, as well as company and employee contact details for over 30,000 companies in the entertainment industry.
Click here for a free trial!
Series Directed by
Colin Budds (39 episodes, 2006-2010)
Jeffrey Walker (39 episodes, 2006-2010)
 
Series Writing credits
Jonathan M. Shiff (43 episodes, 2006-2010)
Max Dann (13 episodes, 2006-2010)
Anthony Morris (13 episodes, 2006-2010)
Sam Carroll (12 episodes, 2006-2010)
Philip Dalkin (10 episodes, 2006-2010)
Simon Butters (8 episodes, 2006-2010)
Chris Anastassiades (5 episodes, 2006-2008)
Chris Roache (4 episodes, 2007-2010)
Susan MacGillicuddy (3 episodes, 2006-2008)
Joss King (3 episodes, 2007-2010)
Deborah Cox (2 episodes, 2006)

Series Cast

Cariba Heine ... Rikki Chadwick (81 episodes, 2006-2010)

Phoebe Tonkin ... Cleo Sertori (81 episodes, 2006-2010)

Angus McLaren ... Lewis McCartney (65 episodes, 2006-2010)

Claire Holt ... Emma Gilbert (55 episodes, 2006-2009)
Burgess Abernethy ... Zane Bennett / ... (52 episodes, 2006-2010)

Cleo Massey ... Kim Sertori / ... (40 episodes, 2006-2010)
Alan David Lee ... Don Sertori / ... (38 episodes, 2006-2010)
Jamie Timony ... Nate (31 episodes, 2006-2010)

Indiana Evans ... Isabel Hartley / ... (26 episodes, 2009-2010)

Luke Mitchell ... Will Benjamin (26 episodes, 2009-2010)
Ariu Lang Sio ... Wilfred (25 episodes, 2006-2007)

Brittany Byrnes ... Charlotte (24 episodes, 2007-2008)
Taryn Marler ... Sophie Benjamin / ... (21 episodes, 2008-2010)
Trent Sullivan ... Elliot Gilbert (16 episodes, 2006-2008)
Caroline Kennison ... Lisa Gilbert (14 episodes, 2006-2008)
Penni Gray ... Samantha Roberts / ... (12 episodes, 2009-2010)

Jared Robinson ... Neil Gilbert (12 episodes, 2006-2008)
Annabelle Stevenson ... Miriam Kent / ... (12 episodes, 2006)

Craig Horner ... Ash (12 episodes, 2007-2008)
Christine Amor ... Louise Chatham / ... (11 episodes, 2006)
Jarreau La Castra ... Lead Guitarist (10 episodes, 2009-2010)
Christopher Poree ... Byron (9 episodes, 2006)
Deborah Coulls ... Bev Sertori (8 episodes, 2006)
Alice Hunter ... Tiffany (8 episodes, 2006)

Andrew Lees ... Ryan (7 episodes, 2010)
Ben Timony ... Jason (6 episodes, 2009-2010)
Joss McWilliam ... Harrison Bennett (6 episodes, 2006)
Remy Hill ... Bass Guitarist (5 episodes, 2009)
Hamish Orr ... Bass Player (5 episodes, 2010)
Matthew Okine ... Laurie (4 episodes, 2007-2010)
Ashleigh Brewer ... Gracie (4 episodes, 2006-2008)
Martin Vaughan ... Max Hamilton (3 episodes, 2008)

Lara Cox ... Linda Denman PhD (3 episodes, 2006)
Jordan Patrick Smith ... Cameron / ... (2 episodes, 2009-2010)

Andy McPhee ... Terry Chadwick (2 episodes, 2007)
Bradd Buckley ... Pirate / ... (2 episodes, 2006-2010)

Joey Massey ... Little boy at party / ... (2 episodes, 2006-2007)
Paul Bishop ... Mitch (2 episodes, 2006)
Teri Haddy ... Young Miss Chatham (2 episodes, 2006)

Samuel Nolan ... Actor (2 episodes, 2006)
Brigette Paroissien ... Candy (2 episodes, 2006)
Matthew Scully ... Young Max Hamilton (2 episodes, 2008)
Mouche Phillips ... Miss Taylor (2 episodes, 2009-2010)
Lucas Ross ... Party Guest / ... (2 episodes, 2009)
Create a character page for: ?

Series Produced by
Joanna Werner .... associate producer / producer (49 episodes, 2006-2008)
Jonathan M. Shiff .... executive producer / producer (41 episodes, 2006-2010)
Cherrie Bottger .... executive producer: Network Ten Australia (24 episodes, 2006-2010)
Arne Lohmann .... executive producer: ZDFE (24 episodes, 2006-2010)
Nicole Keeb .... executive producer: ZDF (23 episodes, 2006-2010)
Stuart Wood .... line producer / associate producer (21 episodes, 2006-2010)
Julia Adams .... executive producer (21 episodes, 2007-2010)
Kay Ben-M'rad .... executive producer (19 episodes, 2006)
Chris Roache .... associate story producer / story producer (13 episodes, 2007-2010)
Joss King .... story producer (8 episodes, 2009-2010)
Basia Plachecki .... line producer (8 episodes, 2009-2010)
Chris Page .... line producer (7 episodes, 2006)
 
Series Original Music by
Ricky Edwards (77 episodes, 2006-2010)
Ric Formosa (28 episodes, 2006-2010)
 
Series Cinematography by
Bruce Phillips (26 episodes, 2006)
Zenon Sawko (13 episodes, 2007-2010)
 
Series Film Editing by
Geoffrey Lamb (15 episodes, 2006-2010)
Strutts Psyridis (12 episodes, 2006-2007)
Philip Watts (4 episodes, 2007-2008)
 
Series Casting by
Tom McSweeney (22 episodes, 2006-2010)
Samantha Strauss (19 episodes, 2006-2008)
Maura Fay (14 episodes, 2006)
 
Series Production Design by
Michael Rumpf (15 episodes, 2006)
Eugene Intas (13 episodes, 2007-2010)
 
Series Art Direction by
Bill Booth (13 episodes, 2007-2010)
Gillian Butler (12 episodes, 2006)
Matthew Putland (7 episodes, 2006)
 
Series Set Decoration by
Lenny Holmdahl (12 episodes, 2007-2010)
 
Series Costume Design by
Lucinda McGuigan (13 episodes, 2007-2010)
Jean Turnbull (12 episodes, 2006)
 
Series Makeup Department
Natalie Dowell .... makeup artist (40 episodes, 2006-2008)
Kym Sainsbury .... key hair designer / key makeup artist / ... (26 episodes, 2006-2010)
Karen Adcock .... make-up and hair / hairdresser / ... (26 episodes, 2006)
Jac Charlton .... prosthetic technician (26 episodes, 2006)
Simon Joseph .... hairdresser / makeup artist / ... (18 episodes, 2006-2008)
Sharon Robbins .... additional hairdresser / additional makeup / ... (16 episodes, 2006-2008)
Gail Kane .... hairdresser / makeup artist / ... (14 episodes, 2006-2010)
Sue Laidlaw .... hairdresser / makeup artist / ... (8 episodes, 2009-2010)
Anita Lowe .... additional hairdresser / additional makeup (7 episodes, 2006)
Vicki Sands .... additional makeup artist (4 episodes, 2006-2007)

Mark Cleary .... creature effects (unknown episodes)
 
Series Production Management
Barry Lanfranchi .... post-production supervisor (26 episodes, 2006-2010)
Damian Eggins .... unit manager (25 episodes, 2006-2010)
Basia Plachecki .... production manager (20 episodes, 2006-2010)
Riki Horomona .... assistant unit manager (13 episodes, 2006)
Lehi Tahau .... assistant unit manager (13 episodes, 2006)
Dave Mason .... assistant unit manager (4 episodes, 2010)
 
Series Second Unit Director or Assistant Director
Chris Anderson .... second unit director (14 episodes, 2006)
Tony Edwards .... second assistant director (14 episodes, 2006)
Nick McKinnon .... second assistant director (13 episodes, 2007-2010)
Wade Savage .... first assistant director (13 episodes, 2009-2010)
Sarah-Jane Walsh .... third assistant director (12 episodes, 2006-2008)
Ian Kenny .... first assistant director (12 episodes, 2006-2007)
Peter McLennan .... assistant director: second unit (12 episodes, 2006)
Michael Bate .... third assistant director (8 episodes, 2009-2010)
Jamie Leslie .... first assistant director / third assistant director (7 episodes, 2008-2010)
Cindy Gollagher .... third assistant director (6 episodes, 2006)
Stuart Wood .... first assistant director (6 episodes, 2006)
 
Series Art Department
Michael Kissane .... stand-by props (38 episodes, 2006-2010)
Doug Franks .... property master (26 episodes, 2009-2010)
Maria-Rose Payne .... stand-by props assistant / art department runner (25 episodes, 2007-2008)
Wayne Diskin .... assistant stand-by props / stand-by carpenter / ... (21 episodes, 2006-2010)
Fred Hughes .... set carpenter / set builder (21 episodes, 2006-2010)
Noel McCartney .... set carpenter / set builder (20 episodes, 2006-2010)
Tricia McInally .... art department coordinator (20 episodes, 2008-2010)
Graeme Callander .... illustrator / storyboard artist (18 episodes, 2006-2008)
Luke Hughes .... trade assistant / carpenter (17 episodes, 2006-2010)
Brad Howard .... construction manager (17 episodes, 2006-2008)
Dane Eade .... carpenter/swing / carpenter (14 episodes, 2006-2007)
Bernie Childs .... construction coordinator (13 episodes, 2006)
Dan Howard .... brush hand (13 episodes, 2006)
Matthew Putland .... buyer / dresser (13 episodes, 2006)
Emma Rudkin .... buyer / dresser (13 episodes, 2006)
Chris Williams .... scenic artist (13 episodes, 2006)
Derek Burgess .... set carpenter (12 episodes, 2006)
Kristian Kielland .... set carpenter (12 episodes, 2006)
Phoebe McMahon .... art department runner (8 episodes, 2009-2010)
Chris Turner .... construction manager (8 episodes, 2009-2010)
Jack Watford .... construction coordinator (8 episodes, 2009-2010)
Jennifer Des Champs .... art department coordinator (7 episodes, 2006)
Shane Heldon .... set dresser (7 episodes, 2006)
Jodie Whetter .... buyer / dresser (7 episodes, 2006)
Ashley Alan Geary .... art department runner (6 episodes, 2006)
Chris Harris .... art department runner (6 episodes, 2006)
Jeremy 'JJ' Piggott .... art department runner (6 episodes, 2006)
David Holmdahl .... trade assistant (6 episodes, 2010)
David Laughlin .... assistant stand-by props (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Chris O'Neill .... property master (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Craig McMahon .... art department coordinator (4 episodes, 2006)
John Higgins .... art department coordinator (4 episodes, 2010)
 
Series Sound Department
Craig Walmsley .... sound recordist (26 episodes, 2006)
Helen Field .... sound liaison: Soundfirm (23 episodes, 2006-2010)
Ralph Ortner .... dialogue editor / sound mixer / ... (23 episodes, 2006-2010)
Ben Wyatt .... boom operator (21 episodes, 2006-2010)
Ron Feruglio .... sound designer / sound effects editor / ... (18 episodes, 2006-2008)
Leon Horrocks .... foley artist (18 episodes, 2006-2008)
Mario Vaccaro .... foley artist (18 episodes, 2006-2008)
Blair Slater .... foley recordist (17 episodes, 2006-2008)
Phil Jeffers .... foley recordist (15 episodes, 2006-2008)
Thor Andersen .... additional boom (13 episodes, 2006)
John Schiefelbein .... sound recordist (13 episodes, 2007-2010)
Terry Tu .... foley editor / foley supervisor (13 episodes, 2009-2010)
Liesl Pieterse .... sound editor (7 episodes, 2009-2010)
Simon Rosenberg .... sound editor (7 episodes, 2009-2010)
Christopher Fanner .... sound assistant (6 episodes, 2006)
Phil Stirling .... boom operator (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Georgina Hanley .... additional boom operator (4 episodes, 2007)
John McKerrow .... additional sound recordist (4 episodes, 2007)
 
Series Special Effects by
Josh Head .... special effects technician (26 episodes, 2006)
Jason Baird .... special makeup effects designer / designer: mermaid tail (25 episodes, 2006-2010)
Robert Charlton .... technician / prosthetics technician / ... (24 episodes, 2006-2010)
Mark Cleary .... prosthetics technician (24 episodes, 2006-2010)
Liam Hardy .... sculptor (13 episodes, 2006)
Clint Ingram .... special effects (13 episodes, 2006)
Jac Charlton .... prosthetics technician (12 episodes, 2007-2010)
Michael Grose .... prosthetics technician / junior prosthetics technician (12 episodes, 2007-2010)
Brett Beacham .... mold maker / mould maker (11 episodes, 2006)
Grant Lehman .... key artist (7 episodes, 2006)
Jared Clifford .... special effects assistant (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Steve Courtney .... special effects technician (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Daniel Houweling .... special effects technician (3 episodes, 2006)

Antony McMullen .... makeup effects technician (unknown episodes)
 
Series Visual Effects by
Celeste Fairlie .... visual effects producer / digital effects producer (77 episodes, 2006-2010)
Matt Dye .... 3D animator / 3d artist (54 episodes, 2006-2010)
Steve Tedman .... lead digital compositor / digital effects supervisor / ... (45 episodes, 2006-2010)
Zenon Kohler .... head of digital effects (44 episodes, 2006-2008)
James Johnston .... digital compositor / senior compositor (32 episodes, 2007-2010)
Barry Lanfranchi .... visual effects supervisor (26 episodes, 2006-2010)
Steve Cooper .... digital effects executive producer (18 episodes, 2006-2010)
Phil Jackson .... 3d artist (17 episodes, 2006-2008)
Josh Ali .... designer / matte painter (12 episodes, 2006)
Sarah Collier .... 3d artist (3 episodes, 2009-2010)
Liam Witehouse .... 3d artist (3 episodes, 2009-2010)
 
Series Stunts
Scott McLean .... assistant stunt coordinator (51 episodes, 2006-2008)
Lee Adamson .... stunt rigger (25 episodes, 2007-2008)
Haydn Dalton .... stunt assistant (23 episodes, 2006-2008)
Mitch Deans .... stunt coordinator (17 episodes, 2006-2008)
Andy Owen .... dive supervisor (13 episodes, 2006)
John Walton .... stunt coordinator (6 episodes, 2010)
Nicole Downs .... stunt double (5 episodes, 2006)
Raelene Chapman .... stunt double (2 episodes, 2007-2008)
 
Series Camera and Electrical Department
Steven Magrath .... second assistant camera / first assistant camera: "b" camera / ... (77 episodes, 2006-2010)
Daniel Clark .... first assistant camera / focus puller (58 episodes, 2006-2010)
Simon Christidis .... underwater director of photography / underwater director of photography: second unit / ... (41 episodes, 2006-2010)
Matt Slattery .... gaffer (26 episodes, 2006-2010)
Alan Willis .... best boy (26 episodes, 2006-2010)
Robbie McKinnon .... assistant camera (26 episodes, 2009-2010)
Benn Hyde .... key grip (25 episodes, 2006-2010)
Bernard 'Boo' Slattery .... generator operator / lighting / ... (25 episodes, 2006-2010)
Jasin Boland .... still photographer (24 episodes, 2006-2010)
Ben Gaydon .... underwater camera assistant / underwater camera assistant: second unit / ... (18 episodes, 2006-2008)
Paul Murphy .... grip (18 episodes, 2006-2008)
Troy Reichman .... focus puller: "b" camera (17 episodes, 2006-2008)
Tristan Davies .... camera attachment / second assistant camera (13 episodes, 2006-2007)
Butch Sawko .... camera operator: "b" camera (13 episodes, 2006)
Leigh Tate .... grip assistant: underwater (13 episodes, 2006)
Jim Neale .... grip assistant (12 episodes, 2006)
Phil Mulligan .... additional electrician (10 episodes, 2006)
Dan Clark .... focus puller (9 episodes, 2006-2007)
Andrew Conder .... steadicam operator / camera operator: "a" camera (8 episodes, 2009-2010)
James Crane .... lighting (7 episodes, 2009-2010)
Charlie Lowe .... assistant grip (7 episodes, 2009-2010)
Maurice McKay .... best boy grip (7 episodes, 2009-2010)
Marcus See .... camera attachment (7 episodes, 2009-2010)
Luis Antonio Bran .... underwater camera assistant (6 episodes, 2006)
Geoffrey Owen .... camera operator: "a" camera / steadicam operator (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Remy Sedelaar .... grip assistant (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Joe Stick .... lighting (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Ben Timony .... still photographer (5 episodes, 2010)
Paul Broben .... still photographer (4 episodes, 2007)
Ben Rothstein .... still photographer (4 episodes, 2007)
Vince Valitutti .... still photographer (4 episodes, 2007)
Niklas Larsson .... camera attachment (2 episodes, 2006)
 
Series Casting Department
Bud Hopes .... extras casting (8 episodes, 2009-2010)

Samantha Strauss .... co-casting director (unknown episodes)
 
Series Costume and Wardrobe Department
Melissa Montague .... costume supervisor (27 episodes, 2006-2008)
Adam Dalli .... costume stand-by (19 episodes, 2007-2010)
Amy Mitchell .... second stand-by costume (13 episodes, 2006)
Penny Neilson .... costume supervisor (13 episodes, 2006)
Roberta Shaw .... stand-by costumer (13 episodes, 2006)
Alban Farrawell .... costume supervisor (8 episodes, 2009-2010)
Dee Upton .... stand-by costumer: second unit (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Christine Neate .... wardrobe attachment (2 episodes, 2006)
 
Series Editorial Department
Larry Engelmann .... final colorist (47 episodes, 2006-2008)
Rohan Cooper .... on-line editor / assistant editor / ... (22 episodes, 2006-2010)
Simon Clark .... colorist / on-line editor (19 episodes, 2006-2010)
Courtney O'Brien Brown .... editing assistant (13 episodes, 2006)
Charlie Ellis .... colorist (13 episodes, 2006)
Justin McDonald .... telecine assistant (13 episodes, 2006)
Jan Degn .... senior colorist (7 episodes, 2009-2010)
Kurt Royan .... on-line editor (3 episodes, 2007-2008)
Gary Wilson .... telecine assistant (3 episodes, 2007-2008)
 
Series Music Department
Shelley Rosenberg .... composer: "No Ordinary Girl" (8 episodes, 2007-2010)
Pete Dacy .... music supervisor (6 episodes, 2010)
Indiana Evans .... performer: "No Ordinary Girl" (6 episodes, 2010)
Keith Ridgway .... music supervisor (6 episodes, 2010)
Kate Alexa .... composer: additional music / performer: "No Ordinary Girl" / ... (3 episodes, 2007-2008)
Anthony Egizit .... composer: additional music (3 episodes, 2007-2008)
David Musumeci .... composer: additional music (3 episodes, 2007-2008)
 
Series Other crew
Julie Stewart .... production accountant (77 episodes, 2006-2010)
Julia Adams .... legal advisor (32 episodes, 2006-2010)
Simon Butters .... script editor (24 episodes, 2006-2008)
Andrea Moar .... acting coach (24 episodes, 2006)
Tony Gibbs .... insurance: HW Wood Australia (23 episodes, 2006-2010)
Angela Barac .... assistant production coordinator / production coordinator (19 episodes, 2006-2008)
Penelope Laurence .... script coordinator / script editor: trainee / ... (19 episodes, 2006-2008)
Hamish Raven .... production runner (19 episodes, 2006-2008)
Doug 'Brownie' Brown .... marine coordinator (18 episodes, 2006-2008)
Alex Fewster .... producer attachment / production secretary (18 episodes, 2006-2008)
Arthur Hoadley .... safety reports (17 episodes, 2006-2008)
Karen Grose .... project coordinator / project manager (15 episodes, 2006-2008)
Philip Dalkin .... story editor / script editor (15 episodes, 2006)
Myvanwy George .... production secretary (14 episodes, 2006)
Louise Sutton .... assistant to executive producer (14 episodes, 2006)
Jo Watson .... story consultant (14 episodes, 2006)
Deidre Eagles .... nurse: second unit (13 episodes, 2006)
Sean Rigby .... safety officer (13 episodes, 2006)
Danielle Timothy .... nurse (13 episodes, 2006)
Judith Walker .... legal counsel: Network Ten (13 episodes, 2006)
Nicola Warman-Flood .... unit publicist (13 episodes, 2006)
Nova Weetman .... storyline (13 episodes, 2006)
Alicia Bell .... facilities coordinator (12 episodes, 2006)
Tony Brown .... location manager (12 episodes, 2006)
Rob Fisher .... completion guarantor: First Australian Completion Bond (12 episodes, 2006)
Anthony Wheatley .... tank maintenance (12 episodes, 2006)
Stacey Auld .... assistant to executive producer (12 episodes, 2007-2010)
Mardi Harding .... financial controller (12 episodes, 2007-2010)
Mike McLean .... location manager (12 episodes, 2007-2010)
Jac Charlton .... wrangler: mermaid tail (11 episodes, 2007-2010)
Rachael Robertson .... facilities coordinator (11 episodes, 2007-2010)
Sam Elia .... safety officer (10 episodes, 2007-2010)
Luke Kelly .... production runner (9 episodes, 2007-2010)
Chloe Cooper .... facilities coordinator (8 episodes, 2006)
Sarah Henderson .... business manager: programming / business manager: programming Network Ten (8 episodes, 2006)
Dave Mason .... unit assistant (8 episodes, 2007-2010)
Sam Carroll .... associate story editor / script editor / ... (7 episodes, 2006-2008)
Jennifer L'Huillier .... continuity (7 episodes, 2006-2008)
Sue Kenchington .... continuity (7 episodes, 2006)
Julian Bungate .... production secretary (7 episodes, 2009-2010)
Toni Carey .... assistant accountant (7 episodes, 2009-2010)
Cindy Gollagher .... production coordinator (7 episodes, 2009-2010)
Kristen Souvlis .... assistant to executive producer (7 episodes, 2009-2010)
Lesley Glover .... production accountant (6 episodes, 2006)
Heidi Tuchscherer .... location assistant (6 episodes, 2006)
Ulla Fieguth .... nurse (6 episodes, 2010)
Kirsty Fisher .... script editor (5 episodes, 2006)
Shelley Ball .... accounting assistant (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Sean Blennerhassett .... boat wrangler (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Corinne De Castro Basto .... network business manager: programming, Network Ten (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Sara Eggen .... post-production scripts (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
John Luedtke .... unit assistant (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Jason Plant .... unit assistant (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Rowena Silvestro .... nurse (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Belinda Winnall .... legal counsel: Network Ten (5 episodes, 2007-2008)
Robert Charlton .... wrangler: mermaid tail (5 episodes, 2010)
Antoinette O'Neill .... continuity (5 episodes, 2010)
Rebecca Baldwin .... location assistant (4 episodes, 2007)
Jennifer Kubler .... acting coach (4 episodes, 2007)
Carmel Leonard .... continuity (4 episodes, 2007)
Tracy Mann .... acting coach (4 episodes, 2007)

Trevor Callaghan .... location security / traffic control (unknown episodes)
Gina Sprenger .... location security / traffic control (unknown episodes)
 

Related Links

Company credits Box office and business Technical specifications
Soundtrack listing Main details

You may report errors and omissions on this page to the IMDb database managers. They will be examined and if approved will be included in a future update. Clicking the 'Update' button will take you through a step-by-step process.