Frequency (2000)

Director:

Gregory Hoblit

Writer (WGA):

Toby Emmerich (written by)

Release Date:

28 April 2000 (USA)

Genre:

Crime | Drama | Fantasy | Thriller

Tagline:

What would you do if you could change the past?

Plot:

An accidental cross-time radio link connects father and son across 30 years. The son tries to save his father's life, but then must fix the consequences.

Plot Keywords:

Death | Ham Radio | New York City | Warehouse | Firefighter

Awards:

Nominated for Golden Globe. Another 2 wins & 6 nominations

Cast

Dennis Quaid	...	Frank Sullivan
Jim Caviezel	...	John Sullivan
Shawn Doyle	...	Jack Shepard
Elizabeth Mitchell	...	Julia 'Jules' Sullivan
Andre Braugher	...	Satch DeLeon
Noah Emmerich	...	Gordo Hersch
Melissa Errico	...	Samantha Thomas
Daniel Henson	...	Johnny Sullivan (6 Years)
Jordan Bridges	...	Graham 'Gib' Gibson
Stephen Joffe	...	Gordo Hersch (8 Years)
Jack McCormack	...	Commander Butch O'Connell
Peter MacNeill	...	Butch Foster
Michael Cera	...	Gordy Jr. (10 Years)
Marin Hinkle	...	Sissy Clark
Richard Sali	...	Chuck Hayes
Nesbitt Blaisdell	...	Fred Shepard
Joan Heney	...	Laura Shepard
Jessica Meyer	...	Teenage Runaway
Kirsten Bishop	...	Carrie Reynolds (as Kirsten Bishopric)
Rocco Sisto	...	Daryl Simpson
Rosemary De Angelis	...	Mrs. Finelli
Dick Cavett	...	Himself
Brian Greene	...	Himself
Melissa Fitzgerald	...	Linda Hersch
John Di Benedetto	...	Con Ed Supervisor
Terry Serpico	...	Con Ed Worker #1
Nicole Brier	...	Stoned Teenage Girl
Brantley Bush	...	Young Intern
David Huband	...	Lounge Bartender
Timothy Brown	...	Roof Man Billy
Chuck Margiotta	...	Pedestal Man Gino
Karen Glave	...	Lanni DeLeon
Frank McAnulty	...	Desk Sergeant
Derek Aasland	...	Stoned Man #1
Jim McAleese	...	Cozy Bartender
Catherine Burdon	...	Young Woman #1
Jennifer Baxter	...	Young Woman #2
Desmond Campbell	...	Forensic Tech Hector
Danny Johnson	...	Uniformed Cop #1
Colm Magner	...	Uniformed Cop #2
Brigitte Kingsley	...	Bar Waitress
Tucker Robin	...	Frank Jr.
rest of cast listed alphabetically:
Barney Cheng	...	Barney the Delivery Man (uncredited)
Curt Gowdy	...	1969 World Series Announcer (archive sound) (uncredited)
Cleon Jones	...	Himself (archive footage) (uncredited)
Robert Nicotra	...	Softball Player (uncredited)
Richard Nixon	...	Himself (archive footage) (uncredited)
Brian Smyj	...	Con Ed Worker #2 (uncredited)
Nancy E.L. Ward	...	Nosey Neighbour (uncredited)
Al Weis	...	Himself - 1969 New York Met (archive footage) (uncredited)

Directed by
Gregory Hoblit

Writing credits (WGA)
Toby Emmerich		(written by)

Produced by
Bill Carraro	....	producer
Janis Rothbard Chaskin	....	co-executive producer (as Janis Chaskin)
Toby Emmerich	....	producer
Patricia Graf	....	associate producer
Gregory Hoblit	....	producer
Hawk Koch	....	producer
Richard Saperstein	....	executive producer
Robert Shaye	....	executive producer

Original Music by
Michael Kamen

Cinematography by
Alar Kivilo

Film Editing by
David Rosenbloom

Casting by
Amanda Mackey Johnson
Cathy Sandrich

Production Design by
Paul Eads

Art Direction by
Dennis Davenport
John Kasarda
Mindy Roffman

Set Decoration by
Beth Kushnick
Gordon Sim

Costume Design by
Elisabetta Beraldo

Makeup Department
Derek Becker	....	special makeup effects artist
Michelle Bruno	....	makeup artist: New York
John Caglione Jr.	....	special makeup department head
Verne Caruso	....	hair stylist
Leslie Fuller	....	makeup artist: New York
Donald Mowat	....	key makeup artist (as Donald J. Mowat)
Bill Myer	....	special makeup effects artist
Jennifer Bower O'Halloran	....	hair department head
Edelgard K. Pfluegl	....	makeup artist
Mark Schmidt	....	hair stylist (uncredited)

Production Management
Bill Carraro	....	unit production manager
David Crockett	....	production supervisor: New York, Los Angeles and Toronto
Mathew Hart	....	production manager
Rick Reynolds	....	post-production supervisor
Dana Robin	....	production manager

Second Unit Director or Assistant Director
Robert C. Albertell	....	first assistant director: New York (as Rob Albertell)
Jeff J.J. Authors	....	first assistant director (as Jeffrey Steven Authors)
Darrin Brown	....	third assistant director
Anne Carroll	....	DGA trainee: New York
Greg Hale	....	second assistant director: New York (as Gregory G. Hale)
Sarah Jarvis	....	trainee assistant director
Rick Kush	....	second assistant director
Janet Zdyb	....	third assistant director

Art Department
Joseph Alfieri	....	construction coordinator: New York
Ann Marie Auricchio	....	scenic artist
Stephen Barth	....	scenic artist
Deryck Blake	....	assistant property master
Cameron S. Brooke	....	key scenic artist
Robert C. Brooke	....	lead scenic artist
Jim Chad	....	art department production assistant
Kirk Cheney	....	construction coordinator
Nigel Churcher	....	assistant art director
Justin Corbett	....	construction grip
J.P. Dame	....	set dresser
Dawn H. Fisher	....	art department apprentice
Alexander Galant	....	assistant props
Christopher Geggie	....	property master
Beth Gilinsky	....	construction office coordinator
Ron Hobbs	....	storyboard artist (as Ronald Hobbs)
Timothy Joliat	....	on-set dresser: New York
Warren Jorgensen	....	camera scenic
Nora Kasarda	....	assistant art department coordinator: New York
Elis Lam	....	set designer
David Maltese	....	set dresser
Aleksandra Marinkovich	....	art department apprentice
Kay Michaels	....	art department coordinator: New York
Neil Morfitt	....	first assistant art director
Lisa Nilsson	....	assistant set decorator: New York
H. Nancy Pak	....	assistant art director
Victor 'Chikko' Quon	....	assistant head painter
Dave Rosa	....	head painter
Jonathan Savan	....	leadman
Michael Shocrylas	....	first assistant art director
Michael Shocrylas	....	set designer
Keith Sly	....	set decoration leadman
Robert S. Smith	....	carpenter
John Sweeney	....	property master
Irapaul Turner	....	construction shop manager
Ross La Terra	....	set dresser (uncredited)
Michael Marcel	....	set dresser: New York (uncredited)
Peter Regnier	....	set dresser (uncredited)
Douglas Slater	....	third assistant art director (uncredited)

Sound Department
Jessica Bellfort	....	supervising assistant sound editor
Tom Bellfort	....	supervising sound editor
Steve Boeddeker	....	sound designer
Lindakay Brown	....	dialogue editor
Frank Catalano	....	adr artist
David Diamond	....	boom operator: second unit
Tony Eckert	....	foley mixer
Teresa Eckton	....	sound effects editor
Douglas Ganton	....	production sound mixer
Andrea S. Gard	....	assistant sound designer (as Andrea Gard)
Andrea S. Gard	....	sound effects assistant (as Andrea Gard)
Claire Graybill	....	dialogue editor
Bobby Johanson	....	adr recorder
Bruce Lacey	....	foley editor
Roger Morris	....	adr mixer
Cheryl Nardi	....	assistant dialogue editor
Cheryl Nardi	....	assistant sound editor
Gary Rizzo	....	sound re-recording mixer
Steve Romanko	....	sound
Ronald G. Roumas	....	sound re-recordist
James J. Sabat Jr.	....	sound recordist
James Sabat	....	production sound mixer: New York
Christopher Scarabosio	....	sound effects editor
Christopher Scarabosio	....	sound
Jurgen Scharpf	....	sound mix technician
Michael Semanick	....	sound re-recording mixer
Greg Steele	....	adr mixer
Ron Stermac	....	cable person
Gary Summers	....	sound re-recording mixer
Dennie Thorpe	....	foley artist
Tami Treadwell	....	adr recordist
Jana Vance	....	foley artist
Karen G. Wilson	....	foley editor (as Karen Wilson)
Gwendolyn Yates Whittle	....	adr supervisor
Gabriel Guy	....	sound re-recordist (uncredited)
Brian Magerkurth	....	machine room operator (uncredited)

Special Effects by
Jason Board	....	additional special effects
Jason Board	....	special effects supervisor
Godin Brothers	....	additional special effects
Wilfred Caban	....	special effects foreman: New York
Carmen Campolo	....	special effects: New York (as Carmen M. Campolo Jr.)
Daniel Gibson	....	additional special effects (as Daniel S. Gibson)
Nick Houghton	....	special effects
Steven Kirshoff	....	special effects coordinator: New York (as Steve Kirshoff)
Gary Kleinsteuber	....	additional special effects
Kaz Kobielski	....	head of special effects
Fred Kraemer	....	special effects: New York (as Fred Kraemer Jr.)
Arthur Langevin	....	additional special effects
Arthur Langevin	....	special effects: pyrotechnics
Brad Larkin	....	special effects technician
Martin Malivoire	....	special effects supervisor
Jim McGillivary	....	special effects rigging
Ray McMillan	....	front projection
Troy Rundle	....	special effects 1st
Robert J. Scupp	....	special effects: New York
Peter Sissakis	....	additional special effects
Dean Stewart	....	special effects office admistrator
Andrew Mortelliti	....	special effects (uncredited)
John Stifanich	....	special effects (uncredited)

Visual Effects by
Mike Borrett	....	motion control operator
Dawn Bowery	....	Inferno compositor
Amy Christensen	....	3D tracking (as Amy Christiensen)
Daniel Aristoteles Collins	....	systems/operations: Rhythm & Hues
Rafael Colon	....	digital compositor
John D.B. Cox	....	motion control operator
Brian Dowrick	....	CG animator
Anders Ericson	....	digital effects animator
Meg Freeman	....	3D painter
Douglas Harsch	....	digital effects animator
Geoffrey Harvey	....	3D digital artist: Rhythm & Hues Studio (as Geoff Harvey)
Phil Holland	....	scanning & recording operator
Sean Hyunin Lee	....	digital compositor: Rhythm & Hues
Nancy Klimley	....	modeler (as Nancy J. Klimley)
Wilmer Lin	....	3D tracker
Joe Mancewicz	....	character rigging
Joel Merritt	....	3D tracker
Zeke Morales	....	visual effects editor: Rhythm & Hues
Eileen Moran	....	visual effects producer
Alicia G. Powers	....	visual effects coordinator
David Santiago	....	digital effects animator
David Santiago	....	effects technical director
Bradley Sick	....	modeler (as Brad Sick)
Roberto Smith	....	animator
Scotty Townsend	....	digital effects animator (as Scott Townsend)
Carlo Volpati	....	digital effects animator
Bill Westenhofer	....	visual effects supervisor
Jonathan Wood	....	digital lighting
Serkan Zelzele	....	compositor
Scot Byrd	....	publicist: Rhythm & Hues (uncredited)
Brandon Craig	....	render supervisor (uncredited)
Jack Holland	....	art department assistant: Rhythm & Hues (uncredited)
Kevin Tengan	....	systems administrator (uncredited)

Stunts
G.A. Aguilar	....	stunt coordinator
Victor Chan	....	stunts
Bob Colletti	....	stunts
Blaise Corrigan	....	stunts
Douglas Crosby	....	assistant stunt coordinator
Peter Epstein	....	stunts
Stephanie Finochio	....	utility stunts
Jeffrey Lee Gibson	....	stunts (as Jeff Gibson)
Brian Jagersky	....	stunts
Jamie Jones	....	stunts
Riley Jones	....	stunts
Steve Lucescu	....	stunt coordinator: Canada
Darren McGuire	....	stunts
Duncan McLeod	....	stunts
Carl Paoli	....	stunt double
George A. Sack Jr.	....	stunt driver
Brian Smyj	....	stunts
John Stead	....	stunt performer
Mary Ann Stevens	....	stunts
Len Wagner	....	stunts
Beau Holden	....	stunts precision driver (uncredited)

Camera and Electrical Department
Victor Aguirre	....	still photographer
Peter Battistone	....	assistant camera
Nicolas L. Charuet	....	grip
Phil Cohen	....	first assistant camera: New York
Angelo Colavecchia	....	camera operator
Howard Davidson	....	grip: New York
Jerry DeBlau	....	gaffer: New York
William Engel	....	grip
Candide Franklyn	....	camera operator
Tim Guffin	....	loader
Craig Haagensen	....	camera operator: second unit
Jendra Jarnagin	....	additional electrician
Nils Johnson	....	key video assist operator
Billy Kerwick	....	key rigging grip: New York
Mike Kirilenko	....	key grip
Scott Maguire	....	assistant camera: New York
Sal Martorano	....	gaffer: second unit
Kevin McKenna	....	video assist
Robert McRae	....	gaffer
Charles Meere III	....	rigging best boy: new york
Kevin Neshevich	....	assistant camera
David Niven	....	b-camera
David Norris	....	camera operator: Wescam camera
Nate Ranger	....	assistant camera
Douglas G. Reid	....	best boy electric
Ron Renzetti	....	dolly grip
Brent Robinson	....	underwater first assistant camera
James Scutakes	....	grip
Takashi Seida	....	still photographer
Lee Vickery	....	additional camera loader
Jasper Vrakking	....	24 frame video operator
Rudolf Mammitzsch	....	second assistant camera (uncredited)

Casting Department
Robin D. Cook	....	casting: Canada
Mercedes Kelso	....	casting associate (as Mercedes Danforth)
Elizabeth Lang	....	casting associate
Valerie McCaffrey	....	executive in charge of casting
Jane Rogers	....	extras casting

Costume and Wardrobe Department
Cori Burchell	....	costume supervisor
Barrett Hong	....	wardrobe supervisor: New York
Windy Kerwin	....	assistant wardrobe
Loreen Lightfoot	....	costume cutter/stitcher
Susan MacLeod	....	wardrobe set supervisor
Donna Maloney	....	costume supervisor: New York
Monica Russell	....	set costumer
Andre Schulz	....	costume supervisor

Editorial Department
Matt Boatright-Simon	....	editorial assistant
Gary Burritt	....	negative cutter
Russell Langille	....	first assistant editor: film
Jim Passon	....	color timer
Gregory Plotkin	....	first assistant editor
Brigitte Rabazo	....	assistant editor: Toronto (as Brigitte Rabazo Lopez)
Richmond Riedel	....	first assistant editor

Music Department
Tom Boyd	....	musician: oboe soloist
James Seymour Brett	....	music assistant (as James Brett)
Christopher Brooks	....	music producer
Robert Elhai	....	orchestrator (as Bob Elhai)
Robert Fernandez	....	scoring mixer
Joel Franklin	....	music preparation
Joel Iwataki	....	music recordist
Michael Kamen	....	conductor
Michael Kamen	....	music producer
Michael Kamen	....	orchestrator
Tom Kramer	....	music editor
Stephen McLaughlin	....	music mixer
Blake Neely	....	orchestrator
Michael Price	....	music assistant
J. Peter Robinson	....	composer: additional music (opening rescue sequence)
John Rodd	....	orchestral scoring recordist
Jonathan Sacks	....	orchestrator
James Thatcher	....	musician: french horn
Peter Tomashek	....	orchestrator
Brad Warnaar	....	orchestrator
Paul Wertheimer	....	score recordist
Randy Kerber	....	additional orchestrator (uncredited)

Transportation Department
Ron Annabelle	....	driver
Robert Buckman	....	driver
Blaise Corrigan	....	driver: forklift
Douglas Crosby	....	truck driver
Michael Papa	....	driver: New York
George A. Sack	....	driver: gas truck (as George Sack Jr.)
Dave Staples	....	transportation coordinator
Mitchel Stewart	....	driver captain

Other crew
Jeffrey Angel	....	assistant location manager: New York
Samantha Armstrong	....	script supervisor
John 'Frenchie' Berger	....	armorer
Brian H. Berkowitz	....	office production assistant, New York
Jeremy Bradley	....	production assistant
Steve Brandes	....	photo double
Steve Brandes	....	stand-in
Belinda Carlisle	....	photo double
Al Cerullo	....	helicopter pilot
Johnny Egan	....	production assistant
Maggie Engelhardt	....	production secretary
Joe Everett	....	unit publicist
Kimberly N. Fajen	....	production coordinator: New York
Rich Fellegara	....	set medic: New York
Justin Godell	....	production assistant
Andrea H. Greaney	....	payroll accountant
Lori Greenberg	....	production coordinator
Brian Greene	....	technical consultant: physics
Melissa Hall	....	assistant production coordinator
Beau Holden	....	assistant: Dennis Quaid
Sam Hutchins	....	location manager: New York
Dianne Irving	....	office production assistant
Heather Jennings	....	assistant: Mr. Koch
Fred Kamping	....	location manager
John Kirby	....	acting coach: Mr. Caviezel
Michael Kohne	....	key aerial rigger
Rose Lister	....	first assistant accountant
Lilene Mansell	....	dialect coach
Andrew Matthews	....	financial consutlant
Kati Meister	....	research coordinator
Louise Muskala	....	assistant: Mr. Hoblit
Brian M. O'Neill	....	location assistant: New York
Caleb Omens	....	production assistant
Wayne Petrucelli	....	security coordinator: New York
Devjani Raha	....	production secretary
Tina Reynolds	....	assistant: Mr. Carraro
Vernon Rodriquez	....	assistant parking coordinator
Christopher Rose	....	daily locations production assistant
Amy Russell	....	clearance
Pasia Schonberg	....	research coordinator
Heather Shaw	....	production accountant: Canada
Dave Ian Smith	....	fire safety officer
Ethan Smith	....	location assistant: New York
Alan Sutton	....	fire protection & safety
Carla Swanson	....	title designer
Eurydice Tampol	....	assistant: Mr. Emmerich
Bill Vibert	....	photo double
Bill Vibert	....	stand-in
Rose Viggiano	....	location assistant
Cassidy Watkins	....	assistant: Mr. Caviezel
Adam T. Weisinger	....	production assistant
Zane	....	post-production accountant
Steven T. Duke	....	location assistant (uncredited)

Production Companies

• New Line Cinema

Distributors

• New Line Cinema (2000) (USA) (theatrical)
• American Broadcasting Company (ABC) (2003) (USA) (TV) (broadcast premiere)
• Alliance Atlantis Communications (Canada)
• Aurum Producciones (Spain)
• Distribution Company (Argentina)
• EDKO Film (Hong Kong)
• GAGA Humax
• GAGA
• Kinowelt Filmverleih (Germany)
• Kinowelt Hungary
• Metropolitan Filmexport (France)
• New Line Home Video (USA) (DVD)
• New Line Home Video (USA) (VHS)
• Nexo
• PlayArte Home Vídeo (Brazil) (DVD)
• PlayArte Home Vídeo (Brazil) (VHS)
• RCV Film Distribution (Belgium)
• RCV Film Distribution (Luxembourg)
• RCV Film Distribution (Netherlands)

Special Effects

• Gajdecki Visual Effects (GVFX)
• Global Effects Inc.
• Rhythm and Hues (visual effects)

Other Companies

• Camera Service Center  grip and electric equipment: New York
• Clear Choice, The  clearances
• David J. Woods Productions  video playback
• DeLuxe Laboratories  color (as Deluxe Film Labs)
• DeLuxe Laboratories  prints (as Deluxe Film Labs)
• Eric Stonerook Music  music preparation
• Good Spot  main titles designed and produced by (as Goodspot)
• Newman Scoring Stage, Twentieth Century Fox Studios, The  music recorded at
• Pacific Title  titles and opticals
• Paramount Pictures Scoring Stage M  music recorded at (as Paramount Pictures Stage M)
• Post Modern Sound  ADR recording facility
• Sentinel Hill Entertainment Group  production services: Canada (as Sentinel Hill Entertainment)
• Skywalker Sound  post-production sound services
• Sound One  adr recording: New York (as Sound One Corp.)
• The Music Team  music contractor
• Todd-AO Studios (West)  adr recorded at
• Toronto Film Studios  movie studio
• Wescam USA  wescam provided by (as Wescam Inc.)
• William F. White International  grip and electric equipment

Also Known As:

MPAA:

Rated PG-13 for intense violence and disturbing images

Runtime:

118 min

Country:

USA

Language:

English

Color:

Color

Aspect Ratio:

2.35 : 1

Sound Mix:

DTS | Dolby Digital | SDDS

Certification:

Argentina:Atp | Chile:TE | Denmark:A | France:U | Germany:12 | Hong Kong:IIB | Netherlands:12 | New Zealand:M | Norway:15 | Spain:7 | Sweden:15 | Switzerland:12 (canton of Geneva) | Switzerland:12 (canton of Vaud) | UK:15 | South Korea:12 | Singapore:PG | Portugal:M/12 | Finland:K-16 | Australia:M | Iceland:14 | Iceland:16 (video rating) | USA:PG-13 (certificate #36846) | Malaysia:U | Brazil:12 | Philippines:PG-13

Filming Locations:

New York City, New York, USA

Company:

New Line Cinema

Trivia:

All of the World Series facts were true in this film. The Mets Cleon Jones really did get hit on the shoe with a pitched ball. At first the umpire didn't award him first base but when Mets Manager Gil Hodges showed him the shoe polish on the ball the umpire changed his call and awarded him first base. It became known as the "Shoe Polish Incident".

Goofs:

Anachronisms: In 1969 when Frank is about to enter the warehouse, you see the fire truck lower hydraulic legs and you see a framing saw a bit later, neither of which existed at this time.

Quotes:

Frank:I'm still here, Chief.

Movie Connections:

Referenced in Film Geek (2005)

Soundtrack:

Rattlesnake Shake

A complex, thought provoking thriller that is well acted and directed. ***1/2 out of ****.

FREQUENCY / (2000) ***1/2

It' 1999. Jim Caviezel stars as John Sullivan, a detective whose life is falling apart. Recently, he has split up from his girlfriend, he and his police partner Satch (Andre Braugher), are unable to solve a serial murder case that has been reopened due to the discovery of skeletal remains of a past victim. The thirty year anniversary of the death of his firefighter father (Dennis Quaid), is also approaching. John is beginning to sink in a pit of despair.

One night John stumbles upon his dad's old ham radio. He makes an effort to get the machine to power up once again. When he does and begins conversations with another operator, however, he realizes the person he is communicating with is his long dead father. Somehow, due to the presence of the Northern Lights, John is able to transmit back in time to 1969 and literally alter the course of his existence.

The concept of time traveling communication may seem far-fetched to some, and "Frequency" is a little hard to grasp at times, especially when the film never directly explains why the father and son are able to talk with each other through time. Notwithstanding, the production works as a science fiction thriller with supernatural overtones. While the filmmakers do succeed in convincingly constructing "Frequency," most audiences might have to leave logic at the theater entrance before viewing it.

"Frequency" is a well-structured motion picture; the movie is focused throughout. Although its story changes pace at different periods, for the most part the audience can follow along with the characters. This is a movie with a complicated and challenging story. Because of the film's complexity, we are enormously involved, if slightly confused. Screenwriter Tobias Emmerich links original and fresh feeling material here. Gregory Hoblit produces the right amount of action and suspense, combined with gentle emotions, to generate a film we have not seen before.

Dennis Quaid and James Caviezel are the perfect choices for the principal characters. Quaid performs with intriguing tension and appropriate receptivity. Caviezel dazzles with intricacy and dexterity. Offering refined supporting roles are Andre Braugher ("City of Angels", "Get on the Bus") and Noah Emmerich ("The Truman Show") who furnishes some light-hearted material as John's best friend.

Director Gregory Hoblit ("Fallen," "Primal Fear") clearly executes topics on screen. This film is overflowing with ideas and contains enough plot for a television series. However, "Frequency" is not without flaws. Sullivan's chaotic life is only vaguely portrayed. Although we do care for the character, more development would increase the relationship between the audience and he. Some of the make-up effects depicting age differences were disgraceful. Andre Braugher appeared as if his make up artists were straight out of junior high, slapping too much pancake cream plaster on him. The film's contrived climax concludes with a formalistic fight instead of continuing its battle of wits.

Despite a few unacceptable external problems, internally this is a very effective production. As a whole, "Frequency" contains a very encompassing story and places interesting characters in engaging circumstances. The movie is definitely worthy of recognition, but do not view it unless you plan on thoroughly discussing it afterwards.