2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)

Director:

Stanley Kubrick

Writers:

Stanley Kubrick (screenplay) &
Arthur C. Clarke (screenplay)
(more)

Release Date:

6 April 1968 (USA)

Genre:

Adventure | Mystery | Sci-Fi

Tagline:

Let the Awe and Mystery of a Journey Unlike Any Other Begin

Plot:

Mankind finds a mysterious, obviously artificial, artifact buried on the moon and, with the intelligent computer HAL, sets off on a quest.

Plot Keywords:

Monolith | Computer | Moon | Evolution | Jupiter

Awards:

Won Oscar. Another 10 wins & 6 nominations

Cast

Keir Dullea	...	Dr. Dave Bowman
Gary Lockwood	...	Dr. Frank Poole
William Sylvester	...	Dr. Heywood R. Floyd
Daniel Richter	...	Moon-Watcher
Leonard Rossiter	...	Dr. Andrei Smyslov
Margaret Tyzack	...	Elena
Robert Beatty	...	Dr. Ralph Halvorsen
Sean Sullivan	...	Dr. Bill Michaels
Douglas Rain	...	HAL 9000 (voice)
Frank Miller	...	Mission controller (voice)
Bill Weston	...	Astronaut
Ed Bishop	...	Aries-1B Lunar shuttle captain (as Edward Bishop)
Glenn Beck	...	Astronaut
Alan Gifford	...	Poole's father
Ann Gillis	...	Poole's mother
Edwina Carroll	...	Aries-1B stewardess
Penny Brahms	...	Stewardess
Heather Downham	...	Stewardess
Mike Lovell	...	Astronaut
John Ashley	...	Ape
Jimmy Bell	...	Ape
David Charkham	...	Ape
Simon Davis	...	Ape
Jonathan Daw	...	Ape
Péter Delmár	...	Ape (as Peter Delmar)
Terry Duggan	...	Ape attacked by leopard
David Fleetwood	...	Ape
Danny Grover	...	Ape
Brian Hawley	...	Ape
David Hines	...	Ape
Tony Jackson	...	Ape
John Jordan	...	Ape
Scott MacKee	...	Ape
Laurence Marchant	...	Ape
Darryl Paes	...	Ape
Joe Refalo	...	Ape
Andy Wallace	...	Ape
Bob Wilyman	...	Ape
Richard Woods	...	Ape killed by Moon-Watcher (as Richard Wood)
rest of cast listed alphabetically:
Martin Amor	...	Interviewer (uncredited)
S. Newton Anderson	...	Young Man (uncredited)
Sheraton Blount	...	(uncredited)
Ann Bormann	...	(uncredited)
John Clifford	...	TMA-1 site technician #2 (uncredited)
Julie Croft	...	(uncredited)
Penny Francis	...	(uncredited)
Jane Hayward	...	(uncredited)
Kenneth Kendall	...	BBC-12 announcer (uncredited)
Vivian Kubrick	...	Squirt (Floyd's daughter) (uncredited)
Marcella Markham	...	(uncredited)
Irena Marr	...	Russian Scientist (uncredited)
Krystyna Marr	...	Russian scientist (uncredited)
Kim Neil	...	(uncredited)
Jane Pearl	...	(uncredited)
Penny Pearl	...	(uncredited)
Kevin Scott	...	Miller (uncredited)
John Swindells	...	TMA-1 site technician #1 (uncredited)
Burnell Tucker	...	TMA-1 site photographer (uncredited)

Directed by
Stanley Kubrick

Writing credits
Stanley Kubrick		(screenplay) &
Arthur C. Clarke		(screenplay)
Arthur C. Clarke		(story "The Sentinel") uncredited

Produced by
Stanley Kubrick	....	producer
Victor Lyndon	....	associate producer (uncredited)

Cinematography by
Geoffrey Unsworth

Film Editing by
Ray Lovejoy

Casting by
James Liggat		(uncredited)

Production Design by
Ernest Archer
Harry Lange
Anthony Masters		(as Tony Masters)

Art Direction by
John Hoesli

Set Decoration by
Robert Cartwright		(uncredited)

Makeup Department
Stuart Freeborn	....	makeup artist
Colin Arthur	....	special effects makeup artist (uncredited) (ape masks)
Carol Beckett	....	key hair stylist (uncredited)
Graham Freeborn	....	makeup artist (uncredited)
Kay Freeborn	....	assistant makeup artist (uncredited)
Alice Holmes	....	key hair stylist (uncredited)
Richard Mills	....	assistant makeup artist (uncredited)
Charles E. Parker	....	makeup supervisor (uncredited)
Mibs Parker	....	assistant hair stylist (uncredited)
Hugh Richards	....	assistant makeup artist (uncredited)
Muriel Rickaby	....	assistant makeup artist (uncredited)
Daphne Vollmer	....	assistant hair stylist (uncredited)

Production Management
Ronnie Bear	....	post-production manager (uncredited)
Clifton Brandon	....	production manager (uncredited)
Eddie Frewin	....	unit production manager (uncredited)
Robert Watts	....	production manager (uncredited)

Second Unit Director or Assistant Director
Derek Cracknell	....	first assistant director
Richard Hoult	....	third assistant director (uncredited)
Richard Jenkins	....	second assistant director (uncredited)

Art Department
Brian Ackland-Snow	....	draughtsman (uncredited)
Martin Atkinson	....	draughtsman (uncredited)
Frank Bruton	....	property master (uncredited)
Wally Bull	....	master plasterer (uncredited)
Chris Burke	....	stand-by painter (uncredited)
R. Burton	....	engineering draughtsman (uncredited)
Roy Cannon	....	stand-by props (uncredited)
Roy Carnon	....	scientific design specialist (uncredited)
Reg Carter	....	stand-by carpenter (uncredited)
Peter Childs	....	draughtsman (uncredited)
John Fenner	....	draughtsman (uncredited)
Alan Fraiser	....	draughtsman (uncredited)
Richard Frift	....	construction coordinator (uncredited)
Anna Garrett	....	art department typist (uncredited)
Henry Gomez	....	stand-by plasterer (uncredited)
John Graysmark	....	draughtsman (uncredited)
Les Hillman	....	moon construction engineer (uncredited)
Jack Holden	....	set dresser (uncredited)
James Holmes	....	stand-by stagehand (uncredited)
Tommy Ibbetson	....	stand-by props (uncredited)
Bill Isaacs	....	production buyer (uncredited)
P. Jarratt	....	engineering draughtsman (uncredited)
Theresa Kendall	....	art department secretary (uncredited)
Phil Lanning	....	stand-by props (uncredited)
Malcolm Legge	....	stagehand carpenter (uncredited)
Jumbo Miall	....	drapes (uncredited)
Liz Moore	....	designer: Star Child (uncredited)
Olivier Mourgue	....	interior designer: Discovery (uncredited)
Stan Odgen	....	plasterer's laborer (uncredited)
Gabi Payne	....	moon construction engineer (uncredited)
Anthony Pratt	....	sketch artist (uncredited)
Tony Reading	....	draughtsman (uncredited)
John Rose	....	technical illustrator (uncredited)
John Siddall	....	draughtsman (uncredited)
Wallis Smith	....	draughtsman (uncredited)
Penny Struthers	....	art department assistant (uncredited)
Alan Tomkins	....	draughtsman (uncredited)
Gus Walker	....	TMA-1 construction manager (uncredited)
Frank Willson	....	draughtsman (uncredited)
John Young	....	technical illustrator (uncredited)

Sound Department
H.L. Bird	....	sound mixer
Winston Ryder	....	sound editor
J.B. Smith	....	chief dubbing mixer
A.W. Watkins	....	sound supervisor
Bill Cook	....	boom operator (uncredited)
Robin Gregory	....	sound recordist (uncredited)
Ernie Grimsdale	....	assistant dubbing editor (uncredited)
Michael Hickey	....	sound camera operator (uncredited)
Neil Stevenson	....	sound maintenance (uncredited)
Don Wortham	....	boom operator (uncredited)

Special Effects by
Stanley Kubrick	....	special photographic effects designer
Stanley Kubrick	....	special photographic effects director
Ron Ballanger	....	special effects technician (uncredited)
Les Bowie	....	special effects supervisor (uncredited)
Colin Brewer	....	special effects coordinator (uncredited)
Ted Creed	....	special effects engineer (uncredited)
Bob Cuff	....	special effects assistant (uncredited)
Roger Dicken	....	special effects artwork (uncredited)
Wally Gentleman	....	special effects supervisor (uncredited)
Denis Hall	....	special effects supervisor (uncredited)
Jimmy Harris	....	special effects (uncredited)
Fred Heather	....	special effects (uncredited)
Graham Hooper	....	special effects stills printer (uncredited)
Garth Inns	....	special effects (uncredited)
Brian Johnson	....	special effects assistant (uncredited)
Valerie Kent	....	special effects department secretary (uncredited)
Antonio Margheriti	....	special effects (uncredited)
Dan McGowen	....	special effects stills printer (uncredited)
Curly Nelhams	....	special effects (uncredited)
Hilary Ann Pickburn	....	special effects assistant (uncredited)
George Pollack	....	special effects coordinator (uncredited)
Douglas Potts	....	special effects model maker (uncredited)
Joy Seddon	....	special effects assistant (uncredited)
Charles Staffell	....	special effects supervisor (uncredited)
Delia Tindall	....	special effects department secretary (uncredited)
Tori Traynor	....	special effects runner (uncredited)
Jimmy Ward	....	special effects (uncredited)
Tom Welford	....	special effects maintenance (uncredited)

Visual Effects by
Colin Cantwell	....	special photographic effects (as Colin J. Cantwell)
Tom Howard	....	special photographic effects supervisor
Stanley Kubrick	....	special photographic effects designer
Stanley Kubrick	....	special photographic effects director
Bryan Loftus	....	special photographic effects
Bruce Logan	....	special photographic effects
John Jack Malick	....	special photographic effects
Frederick Martin	....	special photographic effects
David Osborne	....	special photographic effects
Con Pederson	....	special photographic effects supervisor
Douglas Trumbull	....	special photographic effects supervisor
Wally Veevers	....	special photographic effects supervisor
Herbert Bailey	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Brian Bennett	....	visual effects floor camera department (uncredited)
Peter Biggs	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Martin Body	....	camera assistant (uncredited)
Martin Body	....	visual effects floor camera department (uncredited)
Jim Budd	....	matte camera printer (uncredited)
Joy Cuff	....	model maker (uncredited)
William C. Davies	....	airbrush artist (uncredited)
Jim Dickson	....	technical animation specialist (uncredited)
Linwood G. Dunn	....	background plates (uncredited)
Bernard Ford	....	visual effects floor camera department (uncredited)
Jenny Foster	....	blob artist (uncredited)
John Gant	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Edward Gerald	....	animation stand (uncredited)
Martin Goldsmith	....	animation stand (uncredited)
Caird Green	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Ann Griffiths	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Fran Guye	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Denis Hall	....	rostrum cameraman (uncredited)
Peter Harman	....	visual effects floor camera department (uncredited)
Paul Haywood	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Graham Hooper	....	visual effects stills printer (uncredited)
John Horton	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Tom Howard	....	front projection supervisor (uncredited)
Jeremy Hume	....	matte artist (uncredited)
Malcolm Kafetz	....	optical special properties (uncredited)
Sarah Katz	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Martin Kelly	....	camera operator: visual effects unit (uncredited)
Trevor Lawrence	....	airbrush artist (uncredited)
Alf Levy	....	airbrush artist (uncredited)
Bruce Logan	....	animation artist (uncredited)
John Mackey	....	miniatures camera (uncredited)
Robin McDonnell	....	second visual effects assistant editor (uncredited)
Dan McGowen	....	visual effects stills printer (uncredited)
Bob Nadkami	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Roy Naisbitt	....	animation artist (uncredited)
David Osborne	....	director of photography: visual effects unit (uncredited)
Terry Pearce	....	visual effects floor camera department (uncredited)
Zoran Perisic	....	animation stand (uncredited)
David Peterson	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Catherine Philby	....	blob artist (uncredited)
William Plampton	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Douglas Potts	....	model maker (uncredited)
Hapugoda Premaratne	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Hilary Randall	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Bob Rickerd	....	visual effects floor camera department (uncredited)
Livia Rolandini	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Clive Sheperd	....	blob supervisor (uncredited)
James Simpson	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Gary Sinclair	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Jaiseet Singh	....	animation stand (uncredited)
Dennis Smith	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Jack Spooner	....	matte camera printer (uncredited)
Charles Staffell	....	back projection supervisor (uncredited)
Phil Stokes	....	miniatures assistant (uncredited)
David Temple	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Roger Turner	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Nigel Walter	....	blob artist (uncredited)
David Watkinson	....	blob artist (uncredited)
James Wilkins	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Brian Wilsher	....	blob artist (uncredited)
Ron Wooster	....	matte camera printer (uncredited)
Richard Yuricich	....	additional matte photography (uncredited)

Stunts
Brian Chutter	....	stunt double (uncredited)
Bobby Clark	....	stunts (uncredited)
Robin Dawson-Whisker	....	stunt double (uncredited)
John Francis	....	stunt coordinator (uncredited)
Gerry Judge	....	stunt double (uncredited)
Eddie Milburn	....	stunt double (uncredited)
Tom Sheppard	....	stunt double (uncredited)

Camera and Electrical Department
John Alcott	....	additional photographer
Kelvin Pike	....	camera operator
Kevin Bray	....	still photographer (uncredited)
Don Budge	....	grip (uncredited)
David Cadwallader	....	grip (uncredited)
John J. Campbell	....	clapper loader (uncredited)
Robert Gaffney	....	director of photography: Monument Valley (uncredited)
Norman Godden	....	camera maintenance (uncredited)
John Jay	....	still photographer (uncredited)
Bill Jeffrey	....	chief lighting technician (uncredited)
Bryan Loftus	....	focus puller (uncredited)
Peter MacDonald	....	assistant camera (uncredited)
Jed Murphy	....	electrician (uncredited)
David Osborne	....	focus puller (uncredited)
Terry Pearce	....	clapper loader (uncredited)
Graham Scaife	....	clapper loader (uncredited)
Gilbert Taylor	....	additional photographer (uncredited)
George Walker	....	assistant chief lighting technician (uncredited)
Michael Wilson	....	additional photographer (uncredited)
Ken Worringham	....	camera operator (uncredited)
David Wynn-Jones	....	clapper loader (uncredited)

Costume and Wardrobe Department
Hardy Amies	....	wardrobe
David Baker	....	assistant wardrobe supervisor (uncredited)
Mary Gibson	....	wardrobe supervisor (uncredited)
Duncan McPhee	....	wardrobe assistant (uncredited)
Eileen Sullivan	....	wardrobe supervisor (uncredited)
John Wilson-Apperson	....	wardrobe supervisor (uncredited)

Editorial Department
David de Wilde	....	assistant editor
Stewart Brown	....	color consultant: Technicolor (uncredited)
Doug Haig	....	color consultant (Technicolor) (uncredited)
Harry V. Jones	....	color timer (uncredited)
Bob Mullen	....	assistant editor (uncredited)
Alice Yendell	....	negative cutter (uncredited)

Music Department
Patrick Moore	....	musical consultant (uncredited)
Frank J. Urioste	....	music editor (uncredited)

Transportation Department
Terry Brown	....	driver (uncredited)
Ron Coldham	....	driver (uncredited)
Michael Connor	....	driver: Mr. Kubrick (uncredited)
Eddie Frewin	....	transportation captain (uncredited)
Jim Warner	....	driver: Mr. Kubrick (uncredited)

Other crew
Frederick I. Ordway III	....	technical advisor
Colin Arthur	....	laboratory assistant (uncredited)
John Barnett	....	stills technician (uncredited)
Domeny Bernie	....	typist (uncredited)
Shrish Bhatt	....	accounts inventory clerk (uncredited)
Andrew Birkin	....	assistant: Mr. Kubrick (uncredited)
Elizabeth Brady	....	assistant: Christine Mitchell (uncredited)
Roger Caras	....	unit publicist: USA (uncredited)
Pamela Carlton	....	continuity (uncredited)
Merle Chamberlin	....	production coordinator (uncredited)
Brian Chutter	....	stand-in (uncredited)
Patrick Clayton	....	production assistant (uncredited)
Robin Dawson-Whitaker	....	stand-in (uncredited)
Terry Duggan	....	wrangler (uncredited)
George Dunn	....	projectionist (uncredited)
Anthony Frewin	....	assistant: Mr. Kubrick (uncredited)
Adrian Haggard	....	choreographer (uncredited)
Keith Hamshere	....	stills filing clerk (uncredited)
Brian Harris	....	assistant accountant (uncredited)
Margaret Hattam	....	typist (uncredited)
Jill Hollamby	....	assistant: Christine Mitchell (uncredited)
Gerry Judge	....	stand-in (uncredited)
Peter Lancaster	....	assistant accountant (uncredited)
Harry Lange	....	advisor: aeronautics (uncredited)
John Locke	....	dark room assistant (uncredited)
Robert McCall	....	publicity artist (uncredited)
Richard McKenna	....	astronautics advisor (uncredited)
George Merritt	....	engineering shop manager (uncredited)
Hilary Messenger	....	publicity secretary (uncredited)
Eddie Milburn	....	stand-in (uncredited)
Marvin Minsky	....	technical consultant (uncredited)
Christine Mitchell	....	production assistant (uncredited)
Ormond G. Mitchell	....	technical advisor (uncredited)
Michael Murray	....	runner (uncredited)
Sam Nolan	....	caterer (uncredited)
Daphne Paice	....	production assistant (uncredited)
Beti Parry	....	secretary: Mr. Bear (uncredited)
Ron Phipps	....	production accountant (uncredited)
Arthur Porter	....	assistant accountant (uncredited)
Ivor Powell	....	publicist (uncredited)
Ivor Powell	....	publicity department liaison (uncredited)
Benn Reyes	....	unit publicist (uncredited)
Daniel Richter	....	choreographer (uncredited)
Monica Rogers	....	production department secretary (uncredited)
Iris Rose	....	production secretary (uncredited)
Mike Round	....	print librarian (uncredited)
Tom Sheppard	....	stand-in (uncredited)
Elaine Simms	....	secretary: Mr. Caras (uncredited)
Roy Simpson	....	choreographer (uncredited)
Jack Stephens	....	location manager (uncredited)
Dan S. Terrell	....	publicity supervisor (uncredited)
Edna Thomas	....	unit publicist (uncredited)
Vicky Ward	....	pre-production assistant (uncredited)
Margaret Warrington	....	secretary (uncredited)

Production Companies

• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)
• Polaris
• Stanley Kubrick Productions

Distributors

• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) (1968) (USA) (theatrical)
• Filmipaja (1968) (Finland) (theatrical)
• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) (1968) (France) (theatrical)
• National Broadcasting Company (NBC) (1977) (USA) (TV) (broadcast premiere)
• MGM/UA Home Entertainment (1991) (USA) (video) (laserdisc)
• MGM/UA Home Entertainment (1993) (USA) (video) (laserdisc)
• MGM/UA Home Entertainment (1997) (USA) (VHS)
• MGM/UA Home Entertainment (1997) (USA) (video) (laserdisc)
• MGM/UA Home Entertainment (1998) (USA) (DVD)
• Turner Entertainment (1999) (USA) (VHS)
• Warner Home Video (1999) (USA) (VHS)
• Warner Home Video (2000) (USA) (DVD)
• Warner Bros. (2001) (Germany) (theatrical) (re-release)
• Warner Bros. (2001) (France) (theatrical) (re-release)
• Warner Bros. (2001) (Japan) (theatrical) (re-release)
• Warner Home Video (2001) (Italy) (DVD)
• Warner Home Video (2001) (Netherlands) (DVD)
• Warner Home Video (2001) (USA) (DVD)
• Argentina Video Home (2002) (Argentina) (DVD)
• Argentina Video Home (2002) (Argentina) (VHS) (re-release)
• Warner Bros. (2002) (Argentina) (all media) (re-release)
• Warner Home Video (2007) (Italy) (DVD) (special edition)
• Warner Home Video (2007) (Netherlands) (DVD) (Blu-Ray Disc)
• Warner Home Video (2007) (Netherlands) (DVD) (two-disc special edition)
• Cinéma International Corporation (CIC) (1968) (Sweden) (theatrical)
• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) (1968) (Sweden) (theatrical)
• Argentina Video Home (19??) (Argentina) (VHS)
• Criterion Collection, The (19??) (USA) (video) (laserdisc)
• Esselte Video (19??) (Sweden) (VHS)
• Sandrews (2001) (Sweden) (DVD)
• Varus Video (19??) (Russia) (VHS)
• Warner Home Video (2007) (Sweden) (DVD)
• Warner Home Video (2007) (Sweden) (DVD) (Blu-Ray Disc)
• Warner Home Video (2007) (Sweden) (DVD) (HD-DVD)
• Warner Home Video (199?) (USA) (VHS)
• Warner Home Vídeo (????) (Brazil) (DVD)
• Warner Home Vídeo (????) (Brazil) (VHS)

Special Effects

• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)

Other Companies

• Ashton Mitchell Howlett  freight agency
• Barnett International Forwarders  freight agency
• Elite Car Hire  additional transportation
• Eugene's Flying Ballets  aerial wire work
• Mac's Minicabs  additional transportation
• Sapex Scripts  post-production script services
• Wergo  music sourced by

Also Known As:

How the Solar System Was Won (USA) (working title)
Journey Beyond the Stars (USA) (working title)
Two Thousand and One: A Space Odyssey (USA) (alternative spelling)

Runtime:

141 min | 160 min (premiere cut)

Country:

UK | USA

Language:

English | Russian

Color:

Color (Technicolor)

Aspect Ratio:

2.35 : 1

Sound Mix:

4-Track Stereo (35 mm magnetic prints) | 70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints) | DTS 70 mm (2001 re-release)

Certification:

Spain:T | Italy:T | Netherlands:AL (DVD rating) | Canada:G (Quebec) | Canada:G (Manitoba/Nova Scotia) (original rating) | Canada:PG (Manitoba/Nova Scotia) (re-rating) (2007) | New Zealand:PG | Malaysia:U | Argentina:13 | Israel:PG | Canada:PG (Alberta) (2009) | UK:12 (blu-ray) (2009) | Australia:G | Canada:PG (Ontario) | Finland:K-8 | France:U | Norway:11 | Norway:12 (1969) | Portugal:M/12 | Singapore:PG | South Korea:12 | Sweden:11 | Switzerland:10 (canton of Geneva) | Switzerland:10 (canton of Vaud) | UK:U | USA:G | West Germany:12 | Ireland:G | Brazil:Livre

Filming Locations:

Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, Surrey, England, UK

Company:

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)

Trivia:

Stanley Kubrick cut 19 minutes from the film's original 158-minute running time after its New York premiere, mostly to speed up the pacing.

Goofs:

Continuity: When Dr. Floyd has finished flipping through photographs on his way to the TMA-1 moon base, during the cut where he says "Deliberately buried," he is holding a different photograph from the one he is holding in the preceding and succeeding shots.

Quotes:

[first lines]
Aries-1B stewardess: Here you are, sir, main level please.

Movie Connections:

Referenced in "Jeopardy!: (#22.91)" (2006)

Soundtrack:

Requiem

film is a poetical contemplation of most exciting eternal questions

This movie is certainly one of the greatest films ever made. It is a story told in a steady pace, told mostly not by words but by cinematic means of expression. Perfect blend of spectacular special effects and classical music bring to life creations of human imagination in both realistic and poetical way. The story itself is quite simple at a first glance. As the title implies, there is an archetypal journey, a motive repeated for thousands of years. This motive was always used not only to depict a trip in space and time, and beyond, but also had rich philosophic meaning. The film is a poetical contemplation of most exciting eternal questions. It is not just an odyssey of a person; it is an odyssey of our species. The film is great by itself, yet, in my case, the impression from it will always be mingled with that from the book. I've read it at the age of 10, really not thinking about problems like 'what is the relationship between evolution of humankind and development of human morality'. But the impression was great enough to make me fall for entire genre of science fiction.

The day I learned '2001' got only special effects Oscar and was not even nominated for the Best Picture was the day when 'Academy Award' completely became two words meaning nothing to me.