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- Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 in Torun, Poland. He was a writer, known for Teatr Polskiego Radia (2004). He died on 24 May 1543 in Frombork, Poland.
- Jan Kochanowski was born in 1530 in Sycyna, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. Jan was a writer, known for Teatr Polskiego Radia (2004). Jan died on 22 August 1584 in Lublin, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
- Andreas Gryphius was born on 2 October 1616 in Glogau, Duchy of Glogau, Holy Roman Empire [now Glogow, Poland]. He was a writer, known for Meditation on Time (2015) and Vanitas, Vanitatum, et Omnia Vanitas (2015). He died on 16 July 1664 in Glogau, Duchy of Glogau, Holy Roman Empire [now Glogow, Poland].
- Jan Chryzostom Pasek was born in 1636 in Wegrzynowice, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [now Wegrzynowice, Lódzkie, Poland]. Jan Chryzostom died on 1 August 1701 in Niedzieliska, Sandomierz Voivodeship, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [now Niedzieliska, Malopolskie, Poland].
- Catherine II was born on 2 May 1729 in Stettin, Pomerania, Prussia [now Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland]. She was married to Peter the Great. She died on 17 November 1796 in St. Petersburg, Russian Empire [now Russia].
- Count Jan Potocki (8 March 1761 - 23 December 1815) was a Polish nobleman, ethnologist, linguist, traveler and author of the Enlightenment period, whose life and exploits made him a celebrated figure in Poland. He is known chiefly for his picaresque novel, The Manuscript Found in Saragossa. Born into affluent Polish nobility, Potocki lived abroad from an early age and was primarily educated in Switzerland. He frequently visited the salons of Paris and toured Europe before temporarily returning to Poland in 1778. As a soldier, he fought in Austrian ranks in the War of the Bavarian Succession, and in 1789 was appointed a military engineer in the Polish army. During his extensive voyages he actively documented prevailing customs, ongoing wars, revolutions and national awakenings, which made him a pioneer of travel literature. Fascinated by the occult, Potocki studied ancient cultures, rituals and secret societies. Simultaneously, he was a member of parliament and took part in the Great Sejm shortly before the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist. In spite of his literary career, Potocki became burdened by mental illness, melancholy as well as severe clinical lycanthropy, which led him to believe that he was transformed into a werewolf. He committed suicide by gunshot in 1815, however, the circumstances of his death remain controversial to this day.
- Kazimierz Brodzinski was born on 8 March 1791 in Królówka, Szczyrzyc County, Kraków Voivodeship, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth [now Królówka, Malopolskie, Poland]. Kazimierz died on 10 October 1835 in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony [now Dresden, Saxony, Germany].
- Juliusz Slowacki (French: Jules Slowacki; 4 September 1809 - 3 April 1849) was a Polish Romantic poet. He is considered one of the "Three Bards" of Polish literature - a major figure in the Polish Romantic period, and the father of modern Polish drama. His works often feature elements of Slavic pagan traditions, Polish history, mysticism and orientalist. His style includes the employment of neologisms and irony. His primary genre was the drama, but he also wrote lyric poetry. His most popular works include the dramas Kordian and Balladyna and the poems Beniowski, Testament Maj and Anhelli.
- Music Department
- Composer
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Frédéric François Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin, on March 1, 1810, in Zelazowa Wola, Masovia region, Duchy of Warsaw, Poland. His father, named Mikolaj (Nicolas) Chopin, was a Frenchman who came to Poland from Lorraine, and eventually became professor at Warsaw Lyceum. His mother, named Tekla Justina Krzyzanovska, was a relative of Polish Countess Ludwika Skarbkowa, owner of the Zelazowa Wola estate.
From 1816-1822 Chopin studied piano under professional musician Wojcech Zywny. He wrote his first piano compositions at the age of 7. In 1820, then ten-year-old Chopin moved with his parents to Warsaw. There he gained a reputation as a "second Mozart" for his piano playing. From 1823-1826 Chopin studied at the Warsaw Lyceum. In 1824 he was influenced by the Jewish folklore and composed Mazurka in A minor, called "The Jewish" by Chopin himself. From 1826-1830 he studied at the Warsaw Conservatory under pianist Wilhelm Wurfel and composer Josef Elsner. In 1829 Chopin attended a performance of Niccolò Paganini in Warsaw. In the same year Chopin gave solo concerts in Vienna and premiered his Piano Concerto No.1 in F minor. In 1830 he premiered his Piano Concerto No.2 in E minor at the National Theatre in Warsaw. He visited Vienna again in November of same year and played his two piano concertos with great success. After Vienna he continued his concert tour to Munich and Stuttgart. There he learned of the invasion of the Russian Army in Poland, and composed the Etude in C minor, called Revolutionary. Chopin chose the status of a political exile and finally emigrated to Paris, France.
From 1830-1849 Chopin established himself as composer and piano player in Paris. There he changed his name into Frédéric François Chopin. In Paris he met Franz Liszt, who initiated a friendship, and they played together in several concerts, but later became rivals. Chopin formed personal friendship with composer and critic Hector Berlioz. His other personal friends were Felix Mendelssohn and Vincenzo Bellini. In 1835 he made a trip to Dresden and Karlsbad, where he visited with his relatives and accompanied them to Poland. He became seriously ill with bronchial asthma on his way back to Paris. In 1836 he proposed to a seventeen-year-old Polish girl, named Maria Wodzinska, and she accepted. Their engagement lasted for several months, but was called off in 1837 by her mother after a certain manipulative influence by George Sand.
In October of 1836, in Paris Chopin met George Sand at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, mistress of Franz Liszt. Initially Chopin commented on Sand: "What an antipathetic woman". In June of 1837 Sand wrote in a letter to her friend about her agenda to abandon another affair in order to start a relationship with Chopin. George Sand was strongly attracted to Chopin, she destroyed his engagement to Maria Wodzinska, and dominated his life for nine years. Chopin and Sand had a turbulent relationship. In 1839, during their first winter vacation together on Mallorca, Sand took along her children from her previous marriage. At Mallorca Chopin did not have a decent piano to practice, while he was composing his 'Raindrop' prelude. Sand witnessed the completion of Chopin's greatest masterpiece, the cycle of 24 Preludes. He had to struggle with a poor rental piano and became unhappy and fell ill, but received little help from local doctors. Later Chopin enjoyed a better environment at Sand's estate in Nohant. There his creativity flourished during the summers of 1839 until 1843. At that time Chopin composed many important works. However, Chopin and Sand were not a good match, and eventually their differences prevailed. Sand was a pipe smoker and a flamboyant party goer. Chopin suffered from bronchial asthma and tuberculosis and needed a quiet solitude for his music. In George Sand's violent quarrel with her daughter Solange, Chopin defended the daughter. Sand left Chopin.
In February of 1848 Chopin gave his last concerts in Paris. He went to England and Scotland in November of 1848, and fell ill there. He gave his last concerts in London while being severely ill. He returned to Paris, but was unable to teach or perform for several months during 1849. Shortly before he died, sensing the end was near, Chopin had requested that Requiem by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart be sung at his funeral service at the Church of the Madeleine. He also requested that his heart be removed and brought in an urn to Warsaw, Poland. Chopin died on October 17, 1849, but could not be buried for two weeks, because the church did not allow female singers for the Mozart's Requiem. At last, the church relented and the funeral was held on October 30, 1849. A crowd of four thousand attended the ceremony. Composer Berlioz, artist Delacroix, poet Adam Mickiewicz, singer Viardot, were present among many others from cultural circles - but notably absent was George Sand. Chopin's heart was dispatched in an urn to Warsaw, and his body was laid to rest in the Pere Lachaise cemetery in Paris, France.- August Kopisch was born on 26 May 1799 in Breslau, Silesia, Prussia, Holy Roman Empire [now Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland]. August was a writer, known for Die Heinzelmännchen (1956), Heroische Männer (1963) and Die Heinzelmännchen von Köln (1960). August died on 6 February 1853 in Berlin, Germany.
- Writer
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Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (24 December 1798 - 26 November 1855) was a Polish poet, dramatist, essayist, publicist, translator and political activist. He is regarded as national poet in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. A principal figure in Polish Romanticism, he is one of Poland's "Three Bards" (Polish: Trzej Wieszcze) and is widely regarded as Poland's greatest poet. He is also considered one of the greatest Slavic and European poets and has been dubbed a "Slavic bard". A leading Romantic dramatist, he has been compared in Poland and Europe to Byron and Goethe.- Writer
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Joseph von Eichendorff was born into an old catholic noble family on the 10th of March 1788. After schooling he went to the university Halle for studying law, he completed his basic studies in Heidelberg 1808. After a journey to Paris and Berlin, he met Brentano, Kleist and Arnim, he ended his studies finally at the university of Vienna in 1812. He succeeded in getting a job in some departments of the Prussian state and served until he retired in 1844. Eichendorff died on the 26th of November 1857. Eichendorff is a famous writer of the late "Romantik" in Germany. Famous both for his poems and short novels, he is widely known for his "Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts", in which he combined prose and lyrics.- Arthur Shopenhauer was a German philosopher and one of the greatest thinkers ever. Schopenhauer created his own original philosophical conception by merging elements from the philosophies of Plato and Kant with the suggestion exercised by oriental doctrines, characterized by a strong pessimism, which had an extraordinary influence, on subsequent philosophers, such as Friedrich Nietzsche, and, in general, on European culture, entering the current of philosophies of life.
- Friedrich Halm was born on 2 April 1806 in Krakau, Galicia, Austrian Empire [now Kraków, Malopolskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for Die Rache der Toten (1916) and Spannende Geschichten (1978). He was married to Sophia von Schloißnigg. He died on 22 May 1871 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary [now Austria].
- Willibald Alexis was born on 29 June 1798 in Breslau, Silesia, Germany [now Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland]. Willibald was a writer, known for Die Hosen des Ritters Bredow (1973). Willibald died on 16 December 1871 in Arnstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen [now Thuringia], Germany.
- Aleksander Fredro (20 June 1793 - 15 July 1876) was a Polish poet, playwright and author active during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitions by neighboring empires. His works including plays written in the octosyllabic verse (Zemsta) and in prose (Damy i Huzary) as well as fables, belong to the canon of Polish literature. Fredro was harshly criticized by some of his contemporaries for light-hearted humor or even alleged immorality (Seweryn Goszczynski, 1835) which led to years of his literary silence. Many of Fredro's dozens of plays were published and popularized only after his death. His best-known works have been translated into English, French, German, Russian, Czech, Romanian, Hungarian and Slovak.
- Karl von Holtei was born on 24 January 1798 in Breslau, Silesia, Prussia, Holy Roman Empire [now Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland]. Karl was a writer, known for 33 minuty w Zielonej Górze, czyli w polowie drogi (2016), Der halbe Weg - 33 Minuten in Grüneberg (1939) and Die verhängnisvolle Faschingsnacht (1962). Karl died on 12 February 1880 in Breslau, Silesia, Germany [now Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland].
- Composer
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Henryk Wieniawski was born on 10 July 1835 in Lublin, Poland, Russian Empire [now Lublin, Lubelskie, Poland]. He was a composer, known for Prometheus (2012), The Help (2011) and Sightseers (2012). He was married to Isabella Hampton. He died on 31 March 1880 in Moscow, Russian Empire [now Russia].- Writer
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Cyprian Kamil Norwid, a.k.a. Cyprian Konstanty Norwid (24 September 1821 - 23 May 1883), was a nationally esteemed Polish poet, dramatist, painter, and sculptor. He was born in the Masovian village of Laskowo-Gluchy near Warsaw. One of his maternal ancestors was the Polish King John III Sobieski. Norwid is regarded as one of the second generation of romantics. He wrote many well-known poems including Fortepian Szopena ("Chopin's Piano"), Moja piosnka ("My Song") and Bema pamieci zalobny-rapsod (A Funeral Rhapsody in Memory of General Bem). Norwid led a tragic and often poverty-stricken life (once he had to live in a cemetery crypt). He experienced increasing health problems, unrequited love, harsh critical reviews, and increasing social isolation. He lived abroad most of his life, especially in London and, in Paris where he died. Norwid's original and non-conformist style was not appreciated in his lifetime and partially due to this fact, he was excluded from high society. His work was only rediscovered and appreciated by the Young Poland art movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He is now considered one of the four most important Polish Romantic poets. Other literary historians, however, consider this an oversimplification, and regard his style to be more characteristic of classicism and parnassianism.- Heinrich Laube was born on 18 September 1806 in Sprottau, Lower Silesia, Germany [now Szprotawa, Lubuskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for This Ancient Law (1923). He was married to Iduna Hänel. He died on 1 August 1884 in Vienna, Austria.
- Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (28 July 1812 - 19 March 1887) was a Polish writer, publisher, historian, journalist, scholar, painter, and author who produced more than 200 novels and 150 novellas, short stories, and art reviews, which makes him the most prolific writer in the history of Polish literature. He is best known for his epic series on the history of Poland, comprising twenty-nine novels in seventy-nine parts.
- Freytag studied German in Breslau from 1835, and a year later he moved to the University of Berlin. In 1838 he received his doctorate from the classical philologist Karl Lachmann. phil. He began successful attempts at poetry while still a student. The following year, in 1839, he completed his habilitation with his work on the medieval poet Hrotsvit von Gandersheim. He then worked as a private lecturer in German language and literature in Breslau until 1844. The only twenty-three-year-old came to this position through his good relationship with his teacher, the poet and literary historian A. H. Hoffmann, better known as Hoffmann von Fallersleben. He resigned from this post due to professional differences. Gustav Freytag became a professional journalist and writer. Together with the literary historian Julian Schmidt, Freytag edited the national liberal magazine "Die Grenzboten" from 1848 onwards. In addition to political education, the literary program of the realistic representation principle was also pursued. He carried out this journalistic activity until 1870.
The liberal-minded Gustav Freytag often addressed the social problems of his time. Among other things, he was a co-founder of a charitable association for needy weavers. In 1854 he was appointed court councilor by Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. In the period from 1867 to 1870 he was a member of the Reichstag of the North German Confederation for the National Liberals. He experienced the war of 1870/1871 as a journalist. In 1881 he moved to Wiesbaden. Freytag's view of poetry was linked to the quality of the popular, which is evident, for example, in the volume of poems "In Breslau" (1845) and in his close association with Berthold Auerbach, a writer of village stories. As a playwright, Gustav Freytag celebrated his first success in 1844 with the comedy "The Bride's Journey, or Kunz von der Rosen", which received an award from the Royal Theater in Berlin. Other comedies followed, such as "The Journalists", which premiered in 1852 and gave him his greatest theatrical success. The piece refers to contemporary politics and tells of the connection between private and public conflict situations.
Freytag was appointed to the Schiller Prize Commission in Berlin. In the tragedy "The Fabians" (1959) he realized his own dramatic technique, which he later, in 1863, wrote down in the work "Technology of Drama". The author's conception of drama is based on the ancient and classical movement. In his novels he romanticized the bourgeois society of his time. The title "Debit and Credit" is his best-known narrative work, which is about the world of merchants, but in a deeper sense contains a social snapshot of the Wilhelminian era. The action of the scholarly novel "The Lost Handwriting" takes place in the educated middle class. Based on a family history in the six-volume novel series "The Ancestors", the chronological sequence of the German people from the Teutons to Freytag's present is traced. The work was published after the second German empire, which Freytag welcomed. To do this, he used his own five-volume cultural-historical work "Images from the German Past" (1859-1867) as a template.
Above all, Freytag made a name for himself as a popular author of contemporary German civil society with the successful novels "Debit and Credit", "The Lost Handwriting" and "The Ancestors", in which he carried out a literary transfiguration in a realistic style. His other works include "De initiis scenicae poesis apud Germanos" (1838), "Die Valentine" (1847), "Karl Mathy. Story of his life" (1869) and "Collected Works" (1886-1888).
Gustav Freytag died on April 30, 1895 in Wiesbaden. - Writer
- Soundtrack
Richard Genée was born on 7 February 1823 in Danzig, West Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia [now Gdansk, Pomorskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for The Beggar Student (1956), The Beggar Student (1931) and Die Fledermaus (1931). He was married to Emilie L'Orange. He died on 15 June 1895 in Baden, Lower Austria, Austria-Hungary.- Michal Balucki was born on 29 September 1837 in Krakau, Galicia, Austrian Empire [now Kraków, Malopolskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for For Crimes Not Theirs (1938), Bialy Murzyn (1939) and Klub kawalerów (1962). He died on 17 October 1901 in Krakau, Galicia, Austria-Hungary [now Kraków, Malopolskie, Poland].
- Director
- Cinematographer
Ottomar Anschütz was a German inventor, photographer, and chronophotographer. Between 1864 and 1868, he studied photography under some of the well-known photographers of the time. He received recognition for his photograph of John of Saxony on horseback in 1867, and then took over his father's company in Lissa, mainly working as a portrait photographer and as a decorative painter. In 1881, he made his first instantaneous photographs. In 1882, he developed his portable camera and made a name for himself with sharp photographs of imperial military demonstrations in Breslau the same year, and gained more fame with pictures of flying white storks in 1884 - the first photographs of birds on the wild. In 1885, he made his first chronophotographs of horses. The quality of his pictures was generally regarded to be much higher than that of the chronophotography works of Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne-Jules Marey. In 1886, he developed the Electrotachyscope, an early device that displayed short motion picture loops with 24 glass plate photographs on a 1.5 meter wide rotating wheel that was hand-cranked to the speed of circa 30 frames per second. Each image was illuminated by a sparking spiral Geissler tube and displayed on a small opal glass window in a wall in a darkened room for up to seven spectators. Different versions were developed and shown at many international exhibitions, fairs, conventions and arcades from 1887 until at least 1894, and probably inspired many other pioneers in the history of film technology.- Writer
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Stanislaw Wyspianski was born on 15 January 1869 in Krakau, Galicia, Austria-Hungary [now Kraków, Malopolskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for Sad bozy (1911), Wesele (1973) and Teatr Polskiego Radia (2004). He was married to Theodora Teofila Pytko. He died on 28 November 1907 in Krakau, Galicia, Austria-Hungary [now Kraków, Malopolskie, Poland].- Composer
- Music Department
Mieczyslaw Karlowicz was born on 11 December 1876 in Wiszniewo, Poland, Russian Empire [now Vishneva, Belarus]. He was a composer, known for Stanislaw i Anna (1987) and Mieczyslaw Karlowicz: Lonely Trek (2018). He died on 8 February 1909 in Tatra Mountains, Galicia, Austria-Hungary.- Otto Julius Bierbaum was born on 28 June 1865 in Grünberg, Silesia, Germany [now Zielona Góra, Lubuskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for Prinz Kuckuck - Die Höllenfahrt eines Wollüstlings (1919) and Der lustige Ehemann (1903). He was married to Gemma Pruneti-Lotti and Gusti Rathgeber. He died on 1 February 1910 in Dresden, Germany.
- Eliza Orzeszkowa was born on 6 June 1841 in Milkowszczyzna, Poland, Russian Empire [now Milkaushchina, Belarus]. She was a writer, known for Nad Niemnem (1939), Cham (1931) and Nad Niemnem (1987). She was married to Stanislaw Nahorski and Piotr Orzeszko. She died on 18 May 1910 in Grodno, Grodnenskaya guberniya, Russian Empire [now in Hrodzienskaja voblasc, Belarus].
- Writer
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Maria Konopnicka was born on 23 May 1842 in Suwalki, Poland, Russian Empire [now Suwalki, Podlaskie, Poland]. She was a writer, known for Television Theater (1953), Teatr Polskiego Radia (2004) and Panna z mokra glowa (1995). She was married to Jaroslaw Konopnicki. She died on 8 October 1910 in Lemberg, Galicia, Austria-Hungary [now Lviv, Ukraine].- Boleslaw Prus (real name Aleksander Glowacki), 1847-1912, writer and journalist; played critical role in modernizing the Polish novel; co-creator of Polish Realism; humoresques, novellas, short stories: Klopoty babuni (Grandmother's Troubles, 1874), Powracajaca fala (The Returning Wave, 1880), Antek (1881), Kamizelka (The Vest, 1882), novelistic sketches incl. Anielka (1880), the touching tale of a child and poor people wronged by fate or social conditions; novels with a permanent place in Polish literature: Placowka (The Outpost, 1886), the first naturalistic novel, a depiction of agrarian colonization; Lalka (The Doll, 1890), epic panorama of Warsaw life 1878-79; socially engaged Emancypantki (The Emancipationists, 1894); historical-political portrayal of ancient Egypt in Faraon (Pharoah, 1897); wealth of journalism in the Warsaw press: Kroniki (Weekly Chronicles, 1953-70).
- Walery Przyborowski was born on 27 November 1845 in Domaszowice, Poland, Russian Empire [now Domaszowice, Swietokrzyskie, Poland]. Walery was a writer, known for Szwedzi w Warszawie (1991). Walery died on 13 March 1913 in Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland.
- Jan Sten was born on 15 April 1871 in Warsaw, Warsaw Governorate, Congress Poland, Russian Empire [now Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland]. Jan was married to Stella Maria Brunner. Jan died on 5 December 1913 in Kraków, Galicia, Austro-Hungarian Empire [now Kraków, Malopolskie, Poland].
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Julius Freund was born on 8 December 1862 in Breslau, Silesia, Germany [now Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for Eine tolle Nacht (1914), Das rosa Trikot (1920) and Durchlaucht Radieschen (1927). He died on 6 January 1914 in Partenkirchen, Bavaria, Germany.- Writer
- Music Department
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Hermann Löns was born on 29 August 1866 in Culm, West Prussia, Germany [now Chelmno, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for The Heath Is Green (1932), Rot ist die Liebe (1957) and Wenn die Heide blüht (1960). He was married to Lisa Hausmann and Elisabeth Erbeck. He died on 26 September 1914 in Reims, Marne, France.- Y.L. Peretz was born on 18 May 1851 in Zamosc, Poland, Russian Empire [now Zamosc, Lubelskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for Shabbat Hamalka (1965), Play of the Week (1959) and The World of Sholom Aleichem (1959). He was married to Helena Ringelheim and Sarah Lichtenfeld. He died on 3 April 1915 in Warsaw, Poland, Russian Empire [now Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland].
- Walter Turszinsky was born on 9 January 1874 in Danzig, Pomerania, Germany [now Gdansk, Pomorskie, Poland]. He was a writer and director, known for Der springende Hirsch oder Die Diebe von Günstersburg (1915), The Dawn of Freedom (1914) and Die Firma heiratet (1931). He died on 21 May 1915 in Berlin, Germany.
- Jerzy Zulawski was born on 14 July 1874 in Lipowiec, Galicia, Austria-Hungary [now Lipowiec, Malopolskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for On the Silver Globe (1988), Pod vlastyu luny (1911) and Teatr Polskiego Radia (2004). He died on 9 August 1915 in Debica, Galicia, Austria-Hungary [now Debica, Podkarpackie, Poland].
- Paul Scheerbart was born on 8 January 1863 in Danzig, Pomerania, Germany [now Gdansk, Pomorskie, Poland]. He was an art director, known for Algol: Tragedy of Power (1920). He was married to Anna Scherler. He died on 15 October 1915 in Berlin, Germany.
- Henryk Sienkiewicz was born on 5 May 1846 in Wola Okrzejska, Poland, Russian Empire [now Wola Okrzejska, Lubelskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for Quo Vadis (1951), Na jasnym brzegu (1921) and Invasion 1700 (1962). He was married to Maria Babska, Maria Romanowska and Maria Emilia Kazimiera Szetkiewicz. He died on 15 November 1916 in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland.
- Antonina Domanska was born in September 1853 in Kamieniec Podolski, Poland, Russian Empire [now Kamianets-Podilskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine]. She was a writer, known for Historia zóltej cizemki (1961). She died on 26 January 1917 in Krakau, Galicia, Austria-Hungary [now Kraków, Malopolskie, Poland].
- Director
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- Writer
Wladyslaw Palinski was born on 27 June 1869 in Warsaw, Poland, Russian Empire [now Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland]. He was a director and actor, known for Ofiara namietnosci (1912), Krwawa dola (1912) and Sad bozy (1911). He was married to Helena Marcello-Palinska. He died on 25 July 1917 in Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland.- Henryk Grubinski was born on 15 June 1846 in Warsaw, Poland, Russian Empire [now Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland]. He was an actor, known for Kobieta (1917) and Sad bozy (1911). He died on 14 March 1918 in Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland.
- Lucjan Rydel was born on 17 May 1870 in Krakau, Galicia, Austria-Hungary [now Kraków, Malopolskie, Poland]. Lucjan was a writer, known for Zaczarowane kolo (1915) and Television Theater (1953). Lucjan died on 8 April 1918 in Bronowice Male, Kraków, Malopolskie, Poland.
- Born in 1892 in Breslau, Silesia (now Wroclaw, Poland) Richthofen was the son of a hereditary baron. A daredevil for life, he was an avid hunter and mountain climber. With Germany's entrance into WW1 in 1914, Richthofen mobilized in a Silesian cavalry unit, and survived the first battle of Verdun in 1915. Soon after, he transferred to the Luftwaffe (Imperial German Air Force) as a bombardier. By 1916, however, he was tapped for training in the then-new art of fighter combat, flying an Albatros D.2 in March, 1916. By the end of 1916, Richthofen was a certified ace, having downed over 20 aircraft, including the number one British ace up to that time, Maj. Lanoe Hawker. Due to his tally, Richthofen earned the medal "Pour le Merite" (yes, the official name's in French) in December 1916. Throughout the rest of the war, the legend of the Red Baron continued to grow, as did his kill tally, officially reaching 80 kills in April 1918. On April 21 of that year, Richthofen led a routine strafing mission against the British trenches in the Somme region and was killed with a single .303 bullet to the chest, most likely fired from the ground.
- Richard Voß was born on 2 September 1851 in Neu Grape, Pomerania, Germany [now Nowe Chrapowo, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland]. He was a writer, known for Schuldig (1913), Alexandra (1914) and Eva (1913). He was married to Melanie von Glenck. He died on 10 June 1918 in Berchtesgaden, Bavaria, Germany.
- Paul Cinquevalli was born on 30 June 1859 in Lissa, Prussia, Germany [now Leszno, Wielkopolskie, Poland]. He died on 14 July 1918 in Brixton, Devon, England, UK.
- Actress
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Anna Held was born Helene Anna Held on March 8, 1872 (some sources say 1873) in Warsaw, Poland, the youngest of eleven children in a Jewish family. Her family moved to France, where her father died from alcoholism when she was twelve years old. She began her career singing in Europe. Her signature song was "Won't You Come And Play With Me." In 1894, she married Maximo Carrerra, a wealthy South American adventurer. Their daughter, Liane, was born the following year.
While performing in London in 1886 she met producer Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. He brought her to New York and the two began a passionate affair. Held quickly became one of Broadway's most popular stars. She starred in the hit shows A Parlor Match, Papa's Wife, and Miss Innocence. Audiences loved her voice and her risque performances. Her lavish stage shows were the inspiration for the Ziegfeld Follies. The press reported that she bathed in milk every day and had a rib removed to achieve her perfect hourglass figure (her waist was only eighteen inches).
Maximo Carrera, her estranged husband, died in 1908. Although she referred to Ziegfeld as her husband the two never legally married and he broke her heart with his infidelity. When she became pregnant he convinced her to have an abortion. The couple ended their relationship in 1909 after he fell in love with Lillian Lorraine. In 1916, Held made the feature length film Madame la Presidente (1916), playing Mademoiselle Gobette, for which she was paid $30,000. Later, she appeared in the Broadway musical Follow Me.
During WWI, she went to France to entertain the soldiers. She was diagnosed with cancer in early 1918. On August 12, 1918, aged 46, she died of multiple myeloma. She was buried at Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, Westchester County, New York. Florenz Ziegfeld was criticized in the press for not attending her funeral.- Rosa Luxemburg was born on 5 March 1870 in Zamosc, Poland, Russian Empire [now Zamosc, Lubelskie, Poland]. She was a writer, known for Valitsen rohkeuden (1977). She was married to Gustav Lübeck. She died on 15 January 1919 in Berlin, Germany.
- Wiktor Gomulicki was born on 17 October 1848 in Ostroleka, Warsaw Governorate, Congress Poland, Russian Empire [now Ostroleka, Mazowieckie, Poland]. Wiktor was married to Maria Humiecka. Wiktor died on 14 February 1919 in Warsaw, Warszawskie, Second Polish Republic [now Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland].