- Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada from 2006 to 2008.
- Leader of the Opposition (6 December 2006).
- Minister of the Environment (20th July 2004 - 6 February 2006).
- President of the Privy Council of Canada (25 March 1996 - 11 December 2003).
- Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (25 March 1996 - 11 December 2003).
- Received Bachelor of Arts and Masters in Arts from Laval University (1977 and 1979 respectively).
- Received a doctorate in sociology from Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po).
- Taught at the Université de Montréal from 1984 to January 1996, specializing in the study of public administration and organizational analysis and theory, and was a guest scholar at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. during a 1990-1991 sabbatical leave.
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